I think everyone will agree that everyone has certain aspirations and goals in life, on which they spend most of their time. Each of us makes certain plans for our future life, and we are all looking for ways to achieve our goals. Many make plans for how to get to power, other people intentionally devote their lives to raising offspring. Also, people make plans to devote their lives to loved ones. For such people, happiness lies in the happiness of others. In other words, everyone has plans. But, everyone plans to spend life in their own way. It is this theme that is central to the work "Robinson Crusoe", which was published by the great writer D. Defoe.

Moreover, due to the differences in the planning of the future life, according to Defoe, there is a difference in the characters of people. Some will give up because of failures, while others, after the first unsuccessful attempt, without giving up, will take up the second. To such people, Defoe considers the main character of his work, who is Robinson Crusoe.

The plans for this image were undoubtedly thwarted. After all, he ended up on a deserted island. But, he did not give up. Instead, Crusoe looked at life differently and realized that he needed to think about how to plan his remaining days on the island differently. He began to fight not just for survival, but for the creation of happiness in a completely unknown place. He got everything he needed for himself and continued not to exist, but to live.

One of the most famous English novels was first published in April 1719. Its full name is “Life, Extraordinary and Wonderful Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York, who lived for 28 years all alone on an uninhabited island off the coast of America near the mouth of the Orinoco River, where he was thrown by a shipwreck, during which the entire crew of the ship, except him, died, outlining his unexpected release by pirates; written by himself ”was eventually shortened to the name of the main character.

AT basis the work laid down a real story that happened to the Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk, who served as a boatswain on the ship "Sank Por" and landed in 1704 at his personal request on the uninhabited island of Mas-a-Tierra (Pacific Ocean, 640 km. from the coast of Chile) ... The cause of the real Robinson Crusoe's misfortune was his quarrelsome character, the literary one - disobedience to parents, choosing the wrong way of life (a sailor instead of an official in the royal court) and heavenly punishment, expressed in a misfortune natural for any traveler - a shipwreck. Alexander Selkirk lived on his island for a little over four years, Robinson Crusoe - twenty-eight years, two months and nineteen days.

The time of the novel is September 1, 1651 - December 19, 1686 + the period that the character needs to return home and tell about his unusual adventure. Motive exit from parental prohibition (a parallel with the biblical prodigal son) reveals itself twice in the novel: at the very beginning of the work, Robinson Crusoe, who got into a pitching, regrets what he did, but the shame of appearing in the eyes of his relatives (including neighbors) again returns him to the wrong path that ends in long isolation on a desert island. The hero leaves the parental home on September 1, 1651; Brazil, where he lives comfortably in subsequent years - September 1, 1659. A symbolic warning in the form of a recurring sea storm and the time of the beginning of the adventure turns out to be a meaningless fact for Robinson Crusoe.

Written in the genre of an adventure novel, the most famous work of the talented English journalist Daniel Defoe was a resounding success and served as the impetus for the development of such a trend in literature as the traveler's notes. The credibility of the plot and the reliability of the presentation - this is exactly the effect the author tried to achieve by presenting events in a sparse, everyday language, in style more reminiscent of journalism.

History of creation

The real prototype of the protagonist, a Scottish sailor, as a result of a serious quarrel was landed by the team on a desert island, where he spent over four years. Changing the time and place of the action, the writer created an amazing biography of a young Englishman who was in extreme circumstances.

Published in 1719, the book made a splash and demanded to be continued. Four months later, the second part of the epic was released, and later - the third. In Russia, an abridged translation of the edition appeared almost half a century later.

Description of the work. main characters

Young Robinson, drawn by the dream of the sea, against the will of his parents, leaves his father's house. After a series of adventures, having suffered a catastrophe, the young man finds himself on an uninhabited island located far from the sea trade routes. His experiences, steps to find a way out of this situation, a description of the actions taken to create a comfortable and safe environment on a lost piece of land, moral maturation, rethinking of values \u200b\u200b- all this formed the basis of a fascinating story that combines the features of memoir literature and a philosophical parable.

The protagonist of the story is a young man in the street, a bourgeois with traditional views and materialistic goals. The reader observes the change in his character, the transformation of consciousness in the course of the narration.

Another striking character is the savage Friday, saved by Crusoe from the massacre of cannibals. The Indian's loyalty, courage, sincerity and common sense conquer Robinson, Friday becomes a good helper and friend.

Analysis of the work

The story is told in the first person, in a simple, precise language that allows you to reveal the inner world of the hero, his moral qualities, an assessment of the events taking place. The absence of specific artistic techniques and pathos in the presentation, conciseness and specifics add credibility to the work. Events are reported in chronological order, but sometimes the narrator turns to the past.

The storyline divides the text into two components: the life of the central character at home and the period of survival in the wild.

Placing Robinson for long 28 years in critical conditions, Defoe shows how, thanks to energy, spiritual strength, hard work, observation, ingenuity, and optimism, a person finds ways to solve pressing problems: he gets food, equips his home, makes clothes. Isolation from society and the usual stereotypes reveal the best qualities of his personality in the traveler. Analyzing not only the environment, but also the changes taking place in his own soul, the author, through the lips of Robinson, with the help of simple words, makes it clear what, in his opinion, is actually important and paramount, and which can be easily dispensed with. Remaining a person in difficult conditions, Crusoe by his example confirms that simple things are enough for happiness and harmony.

Also, one of the central themes of the story is a description of the exoticism of a deserted island and the influence of nature on the human mind.

Fueled by interest in geographical discovery, Robinson Crusoe was intended for an adult audience, but today it has become an entertaining and instructive masterpiece of children's prose.

INTRODUCTION

"Robinson Crusoe" hero of novels<#"justify">1.1Summary of the novel

The full title of the first book reads as “Life, Extraordinary and Amazing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York, who lived for 28 years all alone on an uninhabited island off the coast of America near the mouth of the Orinoco River, where he was thrown by a shipwreck, during which the entire crew of the ship except him killed, outlining his unexpected release by pirates; written by himself. "

In August 1719, Defoe published the sequel "The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe", and a year later, "The Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe", but only the first book entered the treasury of world literature, and the new genre concept "Robinsonade" is associated with it.

This novel tells the story of a man whose dreams have always been turned towards the sea. Robinson's parents did not approve of his dream, but in the end Robinson Crusoe ran away from home and went to sea. On his first voyage, he failed, his ship sank. The surviving crew members began to eschew Robinson, since his next voyage was unsuccessful.

Robinson Crusoe was captured by pirates and stayed with them for a long time. After escaping, he sailed on the sea for 12 days. On the way he met natives. Bumping into the ship, the kind captain took it to the deck.

Robinson Crusoe stayed in Brazil. Began to own a sugar cane plantation. Robinson became rich and powerful. He told his friends about his adventures. The rich became interested in his story about the natives he met while fleeing the pirates. Since Negroes were a labor force at that time, they were very expensive. Having assembled the ship, they set off, but according to the ill-fated fate of Robinson Crusoe, they failed. Robinson ended up on the island.

He quickly settled down. He had three houses on the island. Two near the coast to see if a ship is sailing by, and another house in the center of the island, where grapes and lemons grew.

After staying on the island for 25 years, he noticed human footprints and bones on the northern coast of the island. A little later, on the same bank, he saw smoke from a fire, climbing the hill, Robinson Crusoe saw savages and two prisoners through a telescope. They already ate one, and the other awaited their fate. But suddenly the prisoner ran towards the Crusoe house, two savages ran after him. This made Robinson happy and he ran to meet them. Robinson Crusoe saved the prisoner by calling him Friday. Friday became Robinson's roommate and employee.

Two years later, a boat with an English flag sailed to their island. There were three prisoners on it, they were taken out of the boat and left on the shore, while the others went to inspect the island. Crusoe and Friday approached the prisoners. Their captain said that his ship rebelled and the instigators of the riot decided to leave the captain, his assistant and passenger on this, as they thought, uninhabited island. Robinson and Friday caught those and tied them up, they surrendered. An hour later another boat sailed, and they were also caught. Robinson Friday and several other prisoners took the boat to the ship. Having successfully captured it, they returned to the island. Since the instigators of the riot would have been executed in England, they decided to stay on the island, Robinson showed them his possessions and sailed to England. Crusoe's parents have long since died, and his plantation still remains. His mentors became rich. When they learned that Robinson Crusoe was alive, they were very happy. Crusoe received a significant amount of money in the mail (Robinson hesitated to return to Brazil). Robinson later sold his plantation, becoming a rich man. He got married and had three children. When his wife died, he wanted to return to the island and see how things are going there. Everything flourished on the island. Robinson brought everything he needed there: several women, gunpowder, animals and more. He learned that the inhabitants of the island fought with the savages, having won and took them prisoner. In total, Robinson Crusoe spent 28 years on the island.

1.2 Problems of genre

The plot of the novel "Robinson Crusoe" is divided into two parts: one describes the events related to the social life of the hero, his stay at home, the second describes the hermit life on the island.

The narration is in the first person, enhancing the effect of believability, the author is completely removed from the text. However, although the genre of the novel is close to the descriptive genre of a real incident (marine chronicle), the plot cannot be called purely chronicle. Robinson's numerous reasoning, his relationship with God, repetitions, descriptions of feelings that possess him, loading the narrative with emotional and symbolic components, expand the scope of the genre definition of the novel.

It is not without reason that many genre definitions were applied to the novel "Robinson Crusoe": an educational adventure novel (V. Dibelius); adventure novel (M. Sokolyansky); a novel of education, a treatise on natural education (Jean-Jacques Rousseau); spiritual autobiography (M. Sokolyansky, J. Gunther); insular utopia, allegorical parable, "classical idyll of free enterprise", "fictional arrangement of Locke's theory of social contract" (A. Elistratova).

According to M. Bakhtin, the novel "Robinson Crusoe" can be called a romanized memoir, with a sufficient "aesthetic structure" and "aesthetic intentionality" (according to L. Ginzburg). As A. Elistratova notes: "Robinson Crusoe" by Defoe, the prototype of the educational realistic novel in a still non-isolated, undivided form, combines many different literary genres. "

All of these definitions contain a grain of truth.
So, “the emblem of adventure, writes M. Sokolyansky, is often the presence of the word“ adventure ”(adventure) already in the title of the work.” The title of the novel just reads: “Life and amazing adventures ...” Further, adventure is a kind events, but extraordinary events. And the very plot of the novel "Robinson Crusoe" is an extraordinary event. Above Robinson Crusoe, Defoe made a kind of educational experiment, throwing him on a desert island. In other words, Defoe temporarily "turned off" him from real public relations, and practical Robinson's activity was presented in a universal form of labor, and this element constitutes the fantastic core of the novel and, at the same time, the secret of its special appeal. Signs of spiritual autobiography in the novel are the very form of narration inherent in this genre: memoir diary. Elements of the parenting novel are contained in Robinson's reasoning and his opposition to loneliness.

As K. Atarova writes: “If we consider the novel as a whole, this action-packed work breaks down into a number of episodes typical of a fictionalized journey (the so-called imaginaire), popular in the 17th-18th centuries. At the same time, the central place in the novel is occupied by the theme of the hero's maturation and spiritual formation.

A. Elistratova notes that: "Defoe in" Robinson Crusoe "is already in close proximity to the educational" novel of education. "

The novel can also be read as an allegorical parable about the spiritual fall and rebirth of man, in other words, as K. Atarova writes, "a story about the wanderings of a lost soul, burdened by original sin and through turning to God who found the path to salvation."

“It was not for nothing that Defoe insisted in the third part of the novel on its allegorical meaning,” notes A. Elistratova. The reverent seriousness with which Robinson Crusoe ponders his life experience, wishing to comprehend its hidden meaning, the harsh scrupulousness with which he analyzes his spiritual impulses - all this goes back to that democratic Puritan literary tradition of the 17th century, which was completed in The Way pilgrim ”J. Benyan. Robinson sees the manifestation of divine providence in every incident of his life; he is overshadowed by prophetic dreams ... shipwreck, loneliness, uninhabited island, invasion of savages - everything seems to him divine punishments.

Robinson interprets any trifling incident as "God's providence", and an accidental coincidence of tragic circumstances as just punishment and atonement for sins. Even the coincidences of dates seem to the hero meaningful and symbolic: "... a sinful life and a solitary life," Crusoe calculates, "began for me on the same day."

According to J. Starr, Robinson acts in a two-fold hypostasis both as a sinner and as God's chosen one.

Atarova notes that the interpretation of the novel as a variation of the biblical plot about the prodigal son: Robinson, who disdained the advice of his father, left his father's house, gradually, having gone through the most severe trials, comes to unity with God, his spiritual father. who, as a reward for repentance, will ultimately grant him salvation and prosperity. "

M. Sokolyansky, citing the opinion of Western researchers on this issue, disputes their interpretation of "Robinson Crusoe" as a modified myth about the prophet Jonah.

“In Western literary criticism, he notes, especially in the latest writings, the plot of Robinson Crusoe is often interpreted as a modification of the myth of the prophet Jonah. At the same time, the active life principle inherent in the hero Defoe is ignored ... The difference is palpable in a purely plot plan. In the “Book of the Prophet Jonah,” the biblical hero appears precisely as a prophet ...; Defoe's hero does not act as a predictor at all ... ".

This is not entirely true. Many of Robinson's intuitive insights, as well as his prophetic dreams, may well pass for predictions inspired from above. But further: "The Almighty controls the life of Jonah completely ... Robinson, however much he prays, is active in his activity, and this truly creative activity, initiative, ingenuity in no way allows him to be perceived as a modification of the Old Testament Jonah."

The modern researcher E. Meletinsky considers Defoe's novel with its "orientation to everyday realism", "a serious milestone on the path of demythologizing literature."

Meanwhile, if we are to draw parallels between Defoe's novel and the Bible, then rather a comparison suggests itself with the book "Genesis". Robinson essentially creates his own world, different from the island world, but different from the bourgeois world he left behind, the world of pure entrepreneurial creation. If the heroes of the previous and subsequent "Robinsonades" find themselves in ready-made worlds already created before them (real or fantastic, for example, Gulliver), then Robinson Crusoe builds this world step by step like God. The entire book is devoted to a thorough description of the creation of objectivity, its multiplication and material growth. The act of this creation, broken up into many separate moments, is so exciting because it is based not only on the history of mankind, but also on the history of the whole world. In Robinson, he is struck by his godliness, declared not in the form of Scripture, but in the form of a life diary. The rest of the arsenal peculiar to Scripture is also present in it: covenants (numerous advice and instructions from Robinson on various occasions, given as parting words), allegorical parables, obligatory disciples (Friday), instructive stories, kabbalistic formulas (coincidence the first, etc.), maintaining biblical genealogies (the place of which in Robinson's genealogies is occupied by plants, animals, crops, pots, etc.). The Bible in "Robinson Crusoe" seems to be retold at an understated, everyday, third-class level. And as simple and accessible in presentation, but capacious and difficult in interpretation, the Holy Scripture is just as outwardly and stylistically simple, but at the same time plot and ideologically capacious “Robinson”. Defoe himself assured in print that all the misadventures of his Robinson were nothing more than an allegorical reproduction of the dramatic twists and turns in his own life.

Many details bring the novel closer to a future psychological novel.

“Some researchers, writes M. Sokolyansky, not without reason emphasize the importance of Defoe the novelist for the formation of a European (and primarily English) psychological novel. The author of Robinson Crusoe, depicting life in the forms of life itself, focused not only on the external world surrounding the hero, but also on the internal world of a thinking religious person. " And according to the witty remark of E. Zimmerman, “Defoe in some respects connects Benyan with Richardson. For Dafoe's heroes ... the physical world is a subtle sign of a more important reality ... ".

CHAPTER 2. ADVENTURES OF THE ROMAN "ROBINSON CRUZO"

2.1 The novel "Robinson Crusoe" in criticism

Defoe's greatest fame is the novel Robinson Crusoe. According to researchers of the writer's work, an episode from the ship's diary of Captain Woods became the immediate impetus for writing the novel.

Subsequently, based on the materials of this diary, the famous journalist Style published an article about the adventures of a Scottish sailor, who is believed to be to a certain extent the prototype of Robinson Crusoe.

D. Defoe moved the place of stay of his hero to the basin of the Atlantic Ocean, and put the time of action approximately 50 years in the past, thereby dragging away the period of stay of his hero on an uninhabited island by 7 times.

Characteristic features of the educational novel "Robinson Crusoe":

Ø Affirmation of the idea that reason and labor are the main driving forces of human progress;

Ø The believability of the work was provided by the real story underlying the plot;

Ø The credibility of the narrative was aided by the form of the diary;

Ø The introduction of the narration in the first person, on behalf of the hero himself, allowed the author to show the world through the eyes of an ordinary person and at the same time reveal her character, feelings, moral qualities;

Ø The image of Robinson Crusoe is served in development;

Ø The focus is not only on the exoticism of a deserted island and exciting adventures, how many people, his experiences, feelings, when she was left alone with nature;

Ø Robinson is an effective and active person, a true son of his time, he is looking for various means of discovering his own abilities and practicality;

Ø Robinson is the new hero. This is not an outstanding or exceptional personality, not a historical figure, not a mythical image, but an ordinary person endowed with soul and mind. The author praises the activity of the common man in transforming the surrounding reality;

Ø The image of the protagonist is of great educational value;

Ø An extreme situation becomes a criterion for determining not only physical strength, but above all the human qualities of a hero;

Ø The novel's artistic achievement is the decision of the writer to force his hero to analyze not only what is happening in his soul;

Ø Nature gave impetus to the development of the hero's moral qualities. Thanks to her constant influence. Robinson seems to be passing through social problems, intrigues and conflicts. He doesn't need to be hypocritical, greedy, deceitful. Being in the bosom of nature and in harmony with it brought to life only the best traits of nature - sincerity, hard work and the ability to be natural;

Ø The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe work is the glorification of the activity, labor energy, intelligence and high moral qualities of a person, which help her to master the world, as well as the statement of the great importance of nature for the spiritual development of mankind;

Ø Robinson Crusoe is an example of the realistic novel of the Enlightenment. The plot was driven primarily by the interest of the English community in geographical discovery and travel;

This topic was not new in the literature of that time. Even before D. Defoe, works appeared that told about the fate of unfortunate travelers abandoned in an uncivilized world. In 1674, a translation of the 12th century Arabic writer Ibn Tufayl's book "about the adventures of Haji Ben Yokdan" was published in England. He achieved great wisdom while living on the island completely alone.

After the appearance of Defoe's novel, literary science was enriched by the new concept of "Robinsonade", which means a traditional plot in literature, built on the depiction of the life and trials of a character who fell into extramal conditions, for some reason was deprived of human society.

The novel - Robinsonade - is a distinctive feature of literature not only in the 18th century, but also in the following stages in the development of world literature. Examples of novels - Robinsonade are the following works: "Felsenburg Island" by I. Schnabel, "New Robinson" by I. Kampe, "Swiss Robinson" by Wiss, "Hermit of the Pacific Ocean" by Psi layer, "Mowgli" by Kipling, "Russiy Robinson" by S. Turbin ...

2.2 artistic analysis of the novel

He hadn't read Robinson Crusoe since childhood, Betteredge said, speaking to himself. “Let's see if Robinson Crusoe amazes him now!
Wilkie Collins. Moonstone: "Daniel Defoe ... The famous creator of the famous Robinson Crusoe, about whose adventures on a desert island every child knows even before he learns to read ... But it would seem difficult to imagine a more familiar," home ", all-available writer!" And yet the author of "Robinson Crusoe", both as a person and as an artist, is one of the most mysterious literary figures of his era. There are still many dark places in his biography. Start at least from the date of birth, which is not exactly established. The role of Defoe in the backstage intrigues and political struggle of his time is not completely clear, biographers are now discovering more and more new facts.

And yet this is not the main thing. The mystery is the secret of its irresistible impact on readers. Essays and notes of great writers, articles and monographs of literary critics are devoted to its resolution. Disputes about this riddle, begun during the life of the author, do not cease to this day. The book, which is crystal clear, seemingly understandable for any child, stubbornly resists analytical disruption, does not reveal the secret of its unfading charm. The phenomenon of simplicity lends itself much harder to critical comprehension than complexity, encryption, and hermeticism.

By the time Defoe created his Robinson, he was already a well-known figure in the literary and political life of London. Behind the shoulders of the writer, who did not even reach the seventh decade, remained a life full of vicissitudes and adventures, participation in the Monmouth uprising (1685) and a happy deliverance from the bloody massacre; a variety of commercial activities that twice led Dafoe to bankruptcy; business trips across the country and to the continent; participation in the political struggle and journalistic polemics of his time; proximity to the court during the reign of William of Orange and imprisonment under Queen Anne; humiliating punishment at the pillar of pillory (1703) for an evil satire against the official "high" church and secret relations with the British prime ministers Harley and Godolphin ... Indeed, as Defoe himself later claimed, he spent no less stormy life than his hero.

In this hectic life, which has absorbed the activities of an entrepreneur, merchant, politician, journalist and writer, we are most interested in one literary sphere. But even in this area, the genre scope is very wide: Defoe is the author of more than one hundred works of satirical pamphlets on the topic of the day in prose and in poetry, the biographies of prominent personalities (including criminals), a treatise and essays on economics, commerce, politics, theology.

But in a broader sense, Defoe, like his hero on a desert island, started, as they say, "from scratch." "Life and strange and wonderful ..." was listed on the title page of the first book, which rightfully opens the history of the English novel of the Enlightenment ", writes A. A. Elistratova. One can say more broadly," the history of the European realistic novel. "It was Defoe who was the discoverer in this genre. Fielding's moral-descriptive epics, Richardson's "psychological dramas", Smollett's satirical burlesques have not yet been created, the anatomy of human consciousness has not been undertaken in Stern's works, and the timid attempts of the pen of Dafoe's contemporaries, for example, genre of the novel, differ in obvious immaturity. It is possible that the genius finds of Defoe himself were of a spontaneous nature. "He least of all thought that his book would become one of the first examples of a future realistic novel of new European literature and that its very shortcomings would be its merits: artlessness will become a profound art, edification of historical recognition At what time it was written, ”wrote Academician MP Alekseev about the author of“ Robinson Crusoe ”.

And yet, Defoe, again like his hero, relied heavily on the fruits of civilization. Robinson had predecessors both in real life and in literature.

The very passion of the hero for travel is a vivid sign of the time, a time when on the map of the world it was written somewhere: "Not yet discovered places." The map attached to the fourth edition of Robinson Crusoe (published in August 1719) does not yet show the northwestern borders of North America, the northeastern borders of Asia, and only slightly outlines the northern and western outlines of Australia, then called New Holland. The interest in the stories of sailors was enormous. Travel books were in great demand from readers. From a whole stream of authors of travel sketches and notes of the late 17th and early 18th centuries. we will name only two surnames associated with the circumstances of the creation of "Robinson", Admiral William Dampier, who published the very popular "New Travel around the World" (1697), "Travels and Descriptions" (1699) and "Journey to New Holland" (1703), and Woods Rogers

In the travel diaries of the latter's Pacific voyages, published in 1712, Defoe could read the story of Alexander Selkirk, the prototype of the famous Robinson.

A Scotsman, a native of the small town of Largo in County Fife, Selkirk, as an assistant to Captain Stradling, took part in the water expedition of William Dampier's Pacific expeditions.

One of William Dampier's Pacific expeditions. Having quarreled with the captain, he voluntarily remained on the uninhabited island of Massa Tierra in the Juan Fernandez archipelago, off the coast of Chile. Selkirk hoped to be picked up by some passing ship, but he had to wait 4 years and 4 months. Only in 1709 he was taken aboard the ship "Duchess" under the command of Woods Rogers, who landed on the island to replenish the supply of drinking water. Three years later, Selkirk returned to England with Rogers' expedition. His amazing story was told in their travel notes by both Rogers and Captain Cook, who sailed with Rogers on the ship Duke, and a little later Richard Style told about it to an even wider circle of readers in his journal The Englishman (1713).

Rogers' story was also published as a separate pamphlet entitled "The Vicissitudes of Fate, or The Amazing Adventures of Alexander Selkirk, Written by Him". This pirate brochure probably gives rise to the legend that Defoe used Sel Kirk's manuscripts for his novel. Meticulous researchers already in our century have discovered other reluctant hermits who have spent a long time on the islands; their stories could also be known by Dafoe.

However, most researchers are unanimous that the story of Selkirk and others like it prompted Dafoe only an idea of \u200b\u200bthe plot and some external details of the story.

Robinson also had purely literary sources, first of all the novel by Henry Neuville "Pines Island, or the Fourth Island near the unknown Australian mainland, recently discovered by Heinrich Cornelius von Slotten" (1668), which tells about the life of the Englishman George Pines with his family on a desert island ...

Apparently, Defoe was influenced by John Bunyan's allegorical novel The Pilgrim's Way (1678-1684), which tells not about a real journey, but about the wanderings of the soul in search of truth.

But it is only the latest assumptions, the result of the latest critical research. And at one time the history of the creation of "Robinson Crusoe" was overgrown with myths and legends: they argued with passion about where I wrote the novel in Kent or in the London house in Stoke Newington; reproached the author for plagiarism, for using allegedly existing notes of Alexander Selkirk himself, confidently asserted that not a single publisher undertook to print the book, and even questioned Defoe's authorship. On April 25, 1719, novel I was published in the snow in London, in the printing house of William Taylor.

In London, at the William Taylor printing house. The success of the book was so great that during the same year three more editions were published (according to modern concepts of a print run), not counting the "pirated" ones. Four months later, Defoe released a sequel to the "fashionable" book: "The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe", which tells about the fate of the "Robinson Colony" and about the hero's travels in China, the Far East and Siberia. In August 1720 Defoe published the third volume: "Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe ..."
Apparently, Defoe was influenced by John Bunyan's allegorical novel The Pilgrim's Way (1678-1684), which tells not about a real journey, but about the wanderings of the soul in search of truth.

But it is only the latest assumptions, the result of the latest critical research. And at one time the history of the creation of "Robinson Crusoe" was overgrown with myths and legends: they argued with passion about where I wrote the novel in Kent or in the London house in Stoke Newington; reproached the author for plagiarism, for the use of allegedly existing notes of Alexander Selkirk himself, confidently asserted that not a single publisher undertook to print the book, and even questioned Defoe's authorship on April 25, 1719, I novel was published in the snow in London, in William's typography Taylor.

In London, at the William Taylor printing house. The success of the book was so great that during the same year three more editions were published (in modern terms - a print run), not counting the "pirated" ones. Four months later, Defoe released a sequel to the "fashionable" book: "The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe", which tells about the fate of the "Robinson Colony" and about the hero's travels in China, the Far East and Siberia. In August 1720, Defoe published the third volume: "The Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe ..." This is a series of essays on philosophical, social and religious topics.

Now "Robinson" has migrated to the category of children's books, "the essay that ushered in a new era in the development of mankind, has now become primarily a book for children's reading." But it must be remembered that initially the novel was intended for a wider and not at all children's circle of readers. For all its seeming simplicity, this book is surprisingly versatile. Modern lovers of English literature are unaware of some of its aspects.

defo novel genre criticism

CONCLUSION

The novel by the English writer Daniel Defoe "Life, Extraordinary and Wonderful Adventures of Robinson Crusoe ..." is rightfully one of the most widely read works of world literature. Interest in it does not dry out both on the part of readers and on the part of researchers of the English novel of the Proscheniya era, who highly appreciate the writer's contribution to the development of national traditions of the genre and the entire Western European fiction. D. Defoe was one of those authors of the enlighteners who, with their work, laid the foundations of many types, genre varieties and forms of the novel of the 19th - 20th centuries. The secret of the unprecedented success of the novel about the adventures of Robinson Crusoe is, of course, in the choice of the theme: the hero's passion for travel - a bright sign of the time when there were still blank spaces under the type label on the map; " Undiscovered Lands ".

Its amusement lies in the adventurous, poetic nature of the plot of the main line of the novel. “Robinson Crusoe on his island is one devoid of help for himself, however, nutrition and self-care, even achieving a certain well-being, this is an object ... that can be made entertaining in a thousand ways ... , "Wrote J.J. Rousseau in the pedagogical treatise" Emile, or about comprehension. "

Defoe, using the example of "Robinson Crusoe", proves the enduring value of labor in social development and the creation of the material and spiritual basis of society.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.K. N. Atarova Secrets of Simplicity // Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe. M., 1990

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4.Daniel Defoe. Robinson Crusoe. M .: "Fiction", 1992

5.Elistratova A.A. Enlightenment English novel. Moscow: Nauka, 1966, 472 p.

6.Meletinsky E.M. The poetics of myth. M., 1976.

7.Sokolyansky M.G. Western European Novel of the Enlightenment: Problems of Typology. Kiev; Odessa, 1983.

8.... Shalata O. "Robinson Crusoe" by Defoe in light biblical subjects // Word I hour. 1997. No. 5. P. 53

9.Shishmareva M. M Defoe D. Robinson Crusoe // trans. from English: SP Leksika, 1992

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11.Urnov D.M. Robinson and Gulliver M .: Nauka, 1973

12.Urnov D.M. Defoe. Moscow: Nauka, 1978

13.... A.V. Shevel Lexical and structural compositional features of the text of an English novel of the early 18th century. (Based on the works of D. Defoe.) Lviv, 1987

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When the well-known journalist and publicist Daniel Defoe (1660-1731), almost sixty years old, wrote Robinson Crusoe in 1719, the last thing he thought about was that he was writing an innovative work, the first novel in Enlightenment literature. He did not expect that this particular text would be preferred by descendants out of 375 works already published under his signature and earning him the honorary name of "the father of English journalism."

Literary historians believe that in fact he wrote much more, only it is not easy to identify his works published under different pseudonyms in the wide flow of the English press at the turn of the 17th-18th centuries.

At the time of the creation of the novel, Defoe had a huge life experience behind his back: he came from the lower class, in his youth he was a participant in the rebellion of the Duke of Monmouth, escaped execution, traveled around Europe and spoke six languages, learned the smiles and betrayal of Fortune. His values \u200b\u200b- wealth, prosperity, personal responsibility of a person before God and himself - are typically puritanical, bourgeois values, and Defoe's biography is a colorful, eventful biography of the bourgeois of the era of primitive accumulation.

All his life he started various businesses and said about himself: "Thirteen times I became rich and poor again." Political and literary activity led him to a civil execution at the pillory. For one of the magazines, Defoe wrote a fake autobiography of Robinson Crusoe, in the authenticity of which his readers had to believe (and did).

The plot of the novel is based on a true story told by Captain Woods Rogers in the account of his voyage, which Dafoe could read in the press. Captain Rogers described how his sailors removed a man from an uninhabited island in the Atlantic Ocean who had spent four years and five months alone there.

Alexander Selkirk, a violent mate on an English ship, quarreled with his captain and was landed on the island with a gun, gunpowder, a supply of tobacco and a Bible. When found by Rogers' sailors, he was dressed in goatskins and "looked wilder than the horned original wearers of this garment."

He forgot how to speak, on the way to England he hid crackers in the secluded places of the ship, and it took time for him to return to a civilized state.

A) History of creation (translations of the novel)

During his long life, D. Defoe wrote many books. But none of them was as successful as The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. D. Defoe was prompted to write the novel by a meeting with Alexander Selkirn, navigator of the ship Five Ports. He told Dafoe his amazing story. Selkirk had a quarrel on the ship with the captain, and he landed him on an uninhabited island off the coast of Chile. There he lived for four years and four months, eating goat and turtle meat, fruit and fish. At first it was hard for him, but later he learned to understand nature, mastered and remembered many crafts. Once the Bristol ship "Duke" under the command of Woods Rogers, who took Alexander Selkirk on board, was attached to this island. Rogers wrote down all of Selkirk's stories to the logbook. When these recordings were made public, Selkirk was talked about in London as a miracle.

D. Defoe used stories about the adventures of the navigator and wrote his novel about Robinson Crusoe. The author changed the details of the hero's life on the island seven times. He moved the island from the Pacific to the Atlantic, and pushed the time of action by about fifty years into the past. The writer also increased his character's stay on the island sevenfold. And in addition, he gave him a meeting with his faithful friend and helper - with the native Friday.

Later D. Defoe wrote a sequel to the first book - "The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe". In this book, the writer talks about how his hero got to Russia. Robinson Crusoe began to get to know Russia in Siberia. There he visited the Amur. And to this Robinson traveled all over the world, visited the Philippines, China, swam across the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian oceans. D. Defoe's novel "The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe" has a significant influence on the development of world literature. He started a new genre - "Robinsonade". This is what they call any description of adventures on an uninhabited land. D. Defoe's book was reprinted many times. Robinson has many doubles. He had different names, was Dutch, Greek, and Scottish. Readers from different countries expected from writers works no less exciting than the book by D. Defoe. So one book gave rise to a number of other literary works.

B) Educational value of the novel

The novel "Robinson Crusoe" brought the greatest fame to Daniel Defoe. According to researchers of the writer's work, the immediate impetus for writing the novel was an episode from the ship's diary of Captain Woods

Rogers, published under the title "A Journey Around the World from XVII08 to HUISH." Subsequently, based on the materials of this diary, the famous journalist Style published an article about the adventures of a Scottish sailor, who, it is believed, was to a certain extent the prototype of Robinson Crusoe.

There is an assumption that D. Defoe met with Alexander Selkirk, navigator of the ship Five Ports, at the Landoger Trau Hotel, who was landed on the uninhabited island of Juan Fernandez off the coast of Chile for disobedience to the captain. He lived there for 4 years.

D. Defoe moved the location of his hero to the basin of the Atlantic Ocean, and put the time of action by about 50 years in the past, thereby increasing the duration of his hero's stay on a desert island by 7 times.

Paying tribute to the literature of that time, the writer gave such a title to the work, it was consonant with its plot: "The life and extraordinary and amazing adventures of Robinson Crusoe, a sailor from York, who lived for 28 years all alone on an uninhabited island near the American coast, not far from the mouth of the great Orinoco River, being on the shore after a shipwreck, during which the entire crew died, except for him, with an attachment of stories about the equally amazing way in which he was finally freed by the pirates. Written by him. "

Characteristic features of the educational novel "Robinson Crusoe"

* the statement of the idea that reason and labor are the main driving forces of human progress.

* the credibility of the work was provided by the real story underlying the plot.

* The credibility of the narrative was facilitated by the form of the diary.

* the introduction of the narration in the first person, on behalf of the hero himself, allowed the author to show the world through the eyes of an ordinary person and at the same time reveal her character, feelings, moral qualities.

* the image of Robinson Crusoe is presented in development.

* the focus is not only on the exoticism of a deserted island and exciting adventures, how many people, his experiences, feelings, when she was left alone with nature.

* Robinson is an effective and active person, a real son of his time, he is looking for various means of discovering his own abilities and practicality.

* Robinson is a new hero. This is not an outstanding or exceptional personality, not a historical figure, not a mythical image, but an ordinary person endowed with soul and mind. The author praises the activity of the common man in transforming the surrounding reality.

* The image of the protagonist is of great educational value;

* An extreme situation becomes a criterion for determining not only physical strength, but above all the human qualities of the hero.

* The artistic achievement of the novel is the decision of the writer to make his hero analyze not only what he sees around him, but also what is happening in his soul.

* Nature for Robinson is a wise teacher and guide in his activities. She is a wonderful object for transformation, for revealing the capabilities and abilities of a person. In the English spiritual culture of the 18th century, the teachings of J. Locke played a significant role, who proclaimed the priority of experience in mental activity. Experience checks the correctness of mental assumptions, contributes to the knowledge of truth. And man gains experience through his senses. These thoughts of the philosopher found artistic expression in the novel by Defoe.

* Nature gave impetus to the development of the hero's moral qualities. Thanks to her constant influence, Robinson seems to pass through social problems, intrigues and conflicts. He doesn't need to be hypocritical, greedy, deceitful. Being in the bosom of nature and in harmony with it brought to life only the best traits of nature - sincerity, hard work and the ability to be natural.

* The peculiarity of the novel is a combination of specifics with broad social and moral generalizations (Robinson and the Cannibals; Robinson and Friday - this, in the understanding of the enlighteners, would have modeled the social history of mankind in miniature).

* The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe work is the glorification of activity, labor energy, intelligence and high moral qualities of a person, which help her to master the world, as well as affirm the great importance of nature for the spiritual development of mankind.

* "Robinson Crusoe" is an example of a realistic novel of the Enlightenment. The plot of "Robinson Crusoe" was primarily due to the interest of the English society in geographical discoveries and travel.

This topic was not new in the literature of that time. Even before D. Defoe, works appeared that told about the fate of unfortunate travelers, abandoned in an uncivilized world. 1674 in England, a translation of a book by an Arab writer of the XII century, Ibn Tufail, about the adventures of Haji Ben Yokdan, who attained great wisdom, living on the island completely alone, was published.

After the appearance of Defoe's novel, literary science was enriched with a new concept - "Robinsonade", which means a traditional plot in literature, built on the image of the life and trials of a character who fell into extreme conditions, for some reason was deprived of human society.

Robinsonade's novel is a distinctive feature of literature not only in the 18th century, but in the next stages in the development of world literature. Examples of novels - Robinsonade are the following works: "Felsenburg Island" by I. Schnabel (XVII 51), "New Robinson" by I. Campe (XVII79), "Swiss Robinson" by Vissa (Julio 12-XVIII 27), "Hermit of the Pacific Ocean" by Psi layer (ХУШ 24), "Mowgli" by Kipling (XVIII94-XVIII 95), "Russian Robinson" by S. Turbin (XVIII 79).

Modern writers also create Robinsonades. Thus, the Russian writer L. Petrushevskaya in her essay "New Robinsons" depicts the feeling of a modern man, forced to flee from the absurd and monstrous world to the bosom of nature in order to be saved morally and physically.

C) The image of the main character "Robinson Crusoe"

The image of Robinson Crusoe by no means fictional, and based on real stories of sailors. In the days of Defoe, the main and only form of long-distance travel was navigation. Unsurprisingly, ships crashed from time to time, and the survivors were often thrown onto a desert island. Few people managed to return and tell their stories, but there were such people, and their biographies formed the basis of the work of Daniel Defoe.

Description of Robinson Crusoe comes from the first person and, reading the book, imbued with respect and sympathy for the main character. Rejoicing and empathizing, we go with him all the way, from birth to returning home. A person with enviable perseverance and hard work, who, by the will of fate, is alone in an unknown area, immediately sets goals for himself and soberly evaluates his chances of survival. Gradually equipping housing and facilities, he does not lose hope of salvation and makes every effort to achieve the tasks set. In fact, he went all the way from a primitive man to a wealthy peasant, and alone, without having any education and special knowledge.

In various translations and adaptations, this was the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe work, survival and salvation. However, Daniel Defoe was smart enough not to limit the image of Robinson Crusoe only to everyday problems. The work widely reveals the spiritual world and psychology of the protagonist. His growing up and maturity, subsequently aging cannot go unnoticed for an experienced reader. Starting with enviable enthusiasm, Robinson gradually comes to terms with his fate, although the hope of salvation does not leave him. Thinking a lot about his existence, he realizes that with all the abundance of wealth, a person gets pleasure only from what he really needs.

In order not to forget human speech, Robinson begins to talk with pets, constantly reads the Bible. Only at the age of 24 on the island he was lucky enough to talk with a man from a tribe of savages whom he saved from death. The long-awaited interlocutor Friday, as Robinson called him, faithfully and faithfully helped him in the household and became his only friend. In addition to the assistant, Friday became for him a student who needed to learn to speak, instill faith in God, and wean him from the habits of savages.

However, Robinson was only glad, it was not an easy task and somehow helped him to escape from sad thoughts. These were the most joyful years of life on the island, if you can call them that.

Rescuing Robinson is as exciting and extraordinary as his life on the island. Thanks to his friend Friday, he managed to suppress a riot on a ship that accidentally entered the island. Thus, Robinson Crusoe saves part of the team and returns to the mainland with them. He leaves the rebels on the island on his former possessions, supplying them with everything they need, and returns home safely.

Robinson Crusoe's story is instructive and exciting. I am glad about a happy ending and a return, but it becomes a little sad that the adventures are over, and I have to part with the main character.

Subsequently, many authors tried to imitate Daniel Defoe, and he himself wrote the continuation of the adventures of Robinson Crusoe, but not a single book surpassed his masterpiece in popularity.