On the first pages of the poem, the reader gets to know a poor Russian family, in which a terrible grief happened - the breadwinner and the head of the family died - Proclus. Due to the fact that the family was very poor, the household themselves prepared for the funeral: the father was digging a grave in the cemetery, the mother was looking for a coffin, and the wife of the deceased, Daria, sewed her husband's last shroud for burial.
Analysis "Frost, red nose"
Daria, a woman with a difficult fate, was the wife of a beggar man and the mother of his children, however, thanks to the strength, endurance and hard work inherent in all Russian women, she boldly endured all difficulties and shifted the worries of the family onto her female shoulders. Thanks to indefatigable work, the woman's family has always been comfortable, hot food, clothes for children and warmth.
But making preparations for her husband's funeral, Daria felt weak, she did not have the strength to come to terms with the grief that befell her. However, even when the funeral was over, the woman did not have the opportunity to cry, returning home from the cemetery, she saw that the children were not fed, and it was cold in the hut. Daria went to the forest to take wood there for kindling the stove, and only in the forest more often does she allow herself to cry loudly, mourning her late beloved husband and her share.
Having calmed down a little, she loaded the wood on the cart and was already getting ready to go home, when suddenly from far away I heard the voice of Frost - the governor. Frost beckons a woman with his ice mace and promises her warmth and tranquility in his kingdom. Daria is visited by the introduction - she sees her living husband, children and summer nature. She becomes unusually warm and joyful in her heart. At this moment, the woman's soul left the body, the widow died in the forest.
"Russian women" in abbreviation
The poem tells the reader about the heroism and courage of the wives of the convicted Russian Decembrists - princesses Trubetskoy and Volkonskaya. In the winter of 1826, Princess Yevgenia Trubetskaya went to Siberia, following her exiled husband. The long, arduous journey brings back contrasting memories of her honeymoon in Italy.
On the road, before the princess, that Russia, which she had not previously suspected, rises: a beggar, with cold huts and hungry children. Arriving in Irkutsk, Trubetskaya refuses to live in a separate house, and, having signed a declaration of voluntary renunciation of her freedoms, goes to the barrack to her husband. The governor at first treated the princess very cruelly, but after she announced that she was ready to walk a hundred kilometers, like her husband, the official burst into tears and took mercy on her. He gave the princess a pair of horses, in order to make her future camp life even one iota easier.
The second part of the poem consists of stories of another princess who followed her convicted husband, Maria Volkonskaya. In her youth, Princess Maria had no end to admirers: she was educated, beautiful and well-bred. However, the girl's heart remained cold to the succession of fans. The girl's father forcibly married her to a much older woman, Prince Sergei Volkonsky. A year after the wedding, the young woman gave birth to a son.
At this time, a Decembrist uprising was unfolding in St. Petersburg, in which her husband also took an active part. Upon learning that her husband had been sentenced to exile, Masha felt that she loved him and decided to follow him to Siberia. Sergei, who did not expect to meet his wife in the camp, was at the same time embarrassed by this meeting, and it is not said glad, since doubts that young Maria did not love him were immediately dispelled.
Selflessness of heroines of poems
We sing the heroines of N.A.Nekrasov - these are not fictional characters. These are real Russian women who are not afraid of any obstacles. They boldly go to meet fate, destroying all barriers. Their actions are the actions of real heroes, which ultimately form an idea not only of a single individual, but also of the nation as a whole.
While working on the poem "Frost, Red Nose" (1863), the poet set himself the task of in-depth analysis of the Russian folk character, artistic penetration into the innermost movements of the soul, ideals, feelings and ideas of his folk heroes. The poem "Frost, Red Nose" was written when the recession of the revolutionary wave smelled of reaction in the country, when in the ranks of the democratic intelligentsia faith in the revolutionary capabilities of the people was largely shaken. With this work, Nekrasov declared that the question of the people and their destinies remains the central issue of Russian life. Addressing the democratic intelligentsia, he strove to strengthen their faith in the forces of the people, for the whole poem "Frost, Red Nose", full of heartfelt lyricism, sounded like an inspired hymn to the inexhaustible strength and great moral beauty of the Russian peasantry.
In the new "peasant" poem, the author does not seek to turn in breadth. Two days and two deaths in one peasant family. The field of observation is narrowed, in the author's area of \u200b\u200battention only two are the most complete (Daria, Proclus) and a few fluently outlined characters, but never before in his striving to penetrate the very depths of the people's spirit, folk psychology, Nekrasov did not achieve such success. The dramatic plot (death and funeral of Proclus, death of Daria) contributes to the disclosure of the inner world of the heroine: in a time of grief, people think more, feel more keenly, live a more intense spiritual life.
At first glance, "Frost, Red Nose" seems to be a more traditional work than "Peddlers": the analysis of the emotional experiences, emotions of the hero and the lyrical thoughts of the author have long been the basis of the genre of the poem. But this is only an appearance. The innovative meaning of the poem and the boldness of its author is that its heroine is a village woman, and those soulful lyrical intonations, those methods of deep and subtle psychological analysis that were applied to the heroes of the previous type, "subtle" people of the noble milieu, sounded unprecedentedly fresh, used to depict the life of an illiterate Russian peasant woman.
As in "Korobeyniki", the poet is not afraid to talk about the most everyday, ordinary, to paint pictures of a wretched village life (in the hut, as usual, "a calf in the basement", and for dinner, as usual, "cabbage, but with bread kvass ") and the hopeless darkness (Proclus's treatment) of the Russian village in all their truth and harsh," sober ", as Chernyshevsky said, truth. Through these pictures, the deep tragedy of the "course of people's life" is gradually exposed. The poet does not hide the tragic circumstance that centuries of slavery and poverty have left their stamp on the people's character. Under the influence of the "formidable share" "the type was crushing / of a beautiful and powerful Slav," the type of woman outlined by the words became widespread:
You are all incarnate fear
You're all - age-old languor
But the pathos of the poem is different. All the author's attention is focused on the more rare, but in spite of all the surviving type of "stately Slav." He is, “it is possible to find him even today”, the best features of the national character are concentrated in him, he is the most weighty proof that “the people did not stop, did not sink, the source of life did not dry up in him” (Dobrolyubov). This folk type includes Daria and Proclus, and Proclus's parents, and, probably, Grishukha with Masha the rezvushka. Each of these images (and especially Daria) is covered with a poetic halo. And this is not a striving for idealization, but the result of a certain aesthetic vision of the world that was new for the literature of that time. Everything is there: a miserable hut, thin bast shoes, a calf under the cage, backbreaking work, and for it - "cabbage, and kvass with bread", but "the dirt of a miserable environment" to the heroes of the poem "does not seem to stick", perhaps because it is, to use Chernyshevsky's terms, healthy, real dirt, the main element of which is labor.
Speaking with great lyrical excitement about the beauty of the heroine - the Russian peasant woman Darya and the nobility of her inner appearance, the author makes it clear that they are the essence of the highest: the beauty of human labor, which constitutes the content and basis of national life and makes a working person the bearer of the highest moral standards and values. For Nekrasov in the 60s, the problem of labor, its role in human society is becoming more and more important. The conclusion that it is the people who are the creators of all material and cultural values \u200b\u200bis already anticipated in the poem. It is no coincidence that after her will be written "Railroad" and "Who lives well in Russia."
But does the lofty poeticization of folk life in the poem "Frost, Red Nose" not come into conflict with the demand for its realistic depiction? About social conditions, peasant life, poor and dark, the poet speaks, without softening the colors, "sober truth." And about Daria, Prokla? Also the truth. The images are deeply realistic, a thousand threads are connected with the environment and are explained by it, there is no reason not to believe the poet that people of this type among the people “can be found even today”. But is this the whole truth about the Russian peasantry as such? Did it appear in all the complexity and contradictions of its social, everyday and psychological appearance? Did it appear not only in labor, but also in struggle?
Nekrasov, with ardent love and great truthfulness, painted one of the most positive, gratifying types of folk character, revealed the most poetic aspects of the folk soul. But the part is not equal to the whole. It is quite understandable that a poem with a family plot could not accommodate the entire variety of folk types, reveal all the facets of a folk character. The author did not strive for this, he was faced with another task, brilliantly solved ... But it was during these years, the years of work on the poem "Frost, Red Nose", Nekrasov hatched the idea of \u200b\u200ba grandiose artistic canvas, an epic of folk life, a work in which I wanted to say everything that I knew and understood about the people, into which I could put all the information about the people, collected by word of mouth for twenty years. He will call this work “Who lives well in Russia”.
N. A. Nekrasov's poem "Frost, Red Nose", a summary and analysis of which will be presented to your attention, was created in 1863. It is dedicated in 1869 to his sister A.A. Butkevich, whom he immediately warned that this work would be sadder than anything he had already written.
Brief history of creation
After the abolition of serfdom, many expected further stormy changes in social life. The revolutionary upsurge intensified, which caused government repression. The publication was first suspended (1862), and then N. Nekrasov's journal Sovremennik (1866) was completely closed. The poet managed to publish the entire poem in 1864. In it, he showed that although the peasant life was painful and difficult, they themselves are full of spiritual strength. Now we will consider the poem "Frost, Red Nose" by Nekrasov. The executive summary begins.
Sad words to my sister
The poet explains the reasons why he rarely and reluctantly writes: "I am tired of fighting with the obstacles of life that poisoned her. The obstacles passed by thanks to the prayers of my beloved sister." Then the poet recalls their garden, in which his father planted an oak, and mother - a willow, on which the leaves began to wither when maman died at night. Now, when he is writing a poem, a hailstorm, large as tears, is flying outside his window. In Petersburg, only stones do not cry, the heart, languishing with longing, tells the poet. He writes a new work in which we visually present a picture of peasant life, reading a summary of Nekrasov's "Frost, Red Nose". The poet divided the work into two parts.
Bitter grief - the owner of the house died
Sometimes there was no winter cold in the house of the breadwinner. Looking ahead, let's say that he caught a cold, driving on his Savrask, rushing to deliver the goods on time. And now Prokl Sevastyanovich lies dead on a bench by the window. His family is silently going through a terrible disaster. The father is going to dig the grave, the mother found and brought a coffin for him. Darya's wife sews a shroud at the window, and only tears, which she cannot hold back, quietly drip onto her husband's last vestment.
Female share
There are three terrible parts in the life of a Russian peasant woman: to be married to a slave, to become the mother of a slave and not to contradict the slave for the rest of her life.
But the stately Slavs still remained in Russia.
Strict, they bloom, surprising everyone with their beauty, to which dirt does not stick. They deftly cope with any work, they never sit around. They rarely smile, but if they look, they will give them a ruble. But on holidays, they give themselves up to joy with all their souls, and their hearty laughter is heard, which cannot be bought for any money. Such a woman, whom only the blind cannot see, will save in any trouble. She does not pity the beggars, as she believes that they themselves are too lazy to work. Her family is always well-groomed, does not feel the need: there is always delicious kvass on the table, the children are full and healthy, more is always prepared for the holidays than on weekdays. This was also Daria, the widow of Proclus. This is how Nekrasov's poem "Frost, Red Nose" continues, a brief summary of which we retell.
Seeing Proclus
The children who did not understand anything were taken to the neighbors. Mother and father, in complete stern silence, dress their son on his last journey.
Only then does the family allow themselves lamentations and tears. Neighbors come and the headman to say goodbye to Prokl Sevastyanovich, whom the whole village respected.
And in the morning the sleighs take him away on his last journey, to the grave that his father dug. We returned home, it is cold, there is no wood for the stove. Daria goes after them into the winter forest.
Daria's thoughts and dreams
The second part of NA Nekrasov's poem "Frost, Red Nose" begins. In the forest, Daria chopped so many firewood that she could not bring it on a sleigh. While working, Daria did not forget about her husband for a second, talked to him, worried about the future of Grishenka's only son, imagined how beautiful their Mashenka would grow up, how many things would now fall on her shoulders alone, and now there was no one to wait for help. From weariness and grief, she leaned against a tall pine tree. It was here that the boastful voivode Frost finds her. He calls Daria into his kingdom. Twice the widow refuses him, but when the cunning man pretends to be Proclus, Daria freezes in an enchanted eternal sleep. Only a squirrel drops a lump of snow on the unfortunate woman who left her children as orphans.
Nekrasov, "Frost, Red Nose": the main characters
Daria is the very Slavic woman whom the author admires in the first part of her work. The poem "Frost, Red Nose" by N. Nekrasov describes this image in detail.
Having tried all the ways to save her dying husband from fever, she goes to a distant monastery for a miraculous icon. This road is not easy - ten versts in the forest, where there are wolves. But even the icon, for which she paid her last money, did not return her beloved friend. After his funeral, tired, she goes into the forest for firewood, where no one will see her grief or tears - she is still proud. The soul, worn out by melancholy, is straining. Changes are taking place in her. Forgetting about children, she thinks only of her husband. Freezing with a smile in a happy dream, she sees a summer sunny day when she and her husband worked together.
Proclus, who had just passed away, was the breadwinner and hope of the family.
Hardworking and enterprising, he worked all year: in spring, summer, autumn - on the ground, and in winter - on a carriage. He, stately, the strongest, affable and friendly, attentive to his wife, children and parents, was respected by the whole village.
ON. Nekrasov, "Frost, Red Nose": analysis
Nekrasov knew the peasant life very well: everyday life, misfortunes, joys, exhausting work, short rest, rare holidays are described in the poem. Nekrasov gave most of his poem "Frost, Red Nose" to a Russian woman. About these years Tyutchev echoed him, describing in a short poem how the best years of a Russian woman will flicker and disappear forever under a gray sky in an unnamed land.
However, N. Nekrasov saw in her huge hidden opportunities, which he described with love: majesty and pride, hard work and loyalty, sacrifice for the happiness and health of loved ones and resistance to all circumstances to the end of his strength.
The culmination of the poem is its part in which Daria dies. And the main idea is the inner and outer beauty of the heroine. The sublime song of a simple peasant woman was sung by N.A. Nekrasov is impeccable.
Peasant theme a red thread runs through all the work of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. The life of the common people, their way of life, joys and misfortunes, hard work and short moments of rest were well known to the Russian humanist. Nekrasov did not depart from his literary preferences in the poem "Jack Frost", which he wrote in 1863 and dedicated to his beloved sister Anna.
The sixties of the XIX century is a difficult period in the history of the Russian state. The situation in the country had an impact on literary life. The revolutionary movement began to decline, skepticism and despondency prevailed in the ranks of the democrats, faith in the popular forces and the peasant rebellious spirit was seriously shaken, the Russian intelligentsia felt confusion and powerful pressure from the reactionary forces.
Most likely, these circumstances prompted Nikolai Alekseevich to create a poem in which the best features of people from the people were shown and the enormous moral potential of a Russian woman was clearly indicated.
The structure of the work "Frost, Red Nose" is extremely simple, like the life of a peasant family. In the first part of the poem, Nekrasov describes in detail the funeral of Proclus and the grief of his relatives in connection with the loss of a breadwinner. The second part of the poem is completely devoted to Proclus's wife Daria, who is the main character of the work.
Nikolai Alekseevich deeply and in detail studied the peasant life, which was especially clearly demonstrated in the first part of the poem. The evening on the eve of Proclus's funeral and the mournful peasant procession in the morning of the next day clearly appear before the eyes of the reader. It becomes clear that many peasants had to be buried in this way. It was especially difficult to carry out the funeral in winter, which is clearly seen in the example of Father Proclus. The grief-stricken old man is forced with great difficulty to dig in the frozen ground a grave for his beloved son.
But in general, all the characters in the poem, including the late Proclus, were written out by Nekrasov with restraint, without much emotion. They were not supposed to overshadow the image of the main character of the work - "The stately Slav" Daria. For this woman, the writer spared no colors, no comparisons, no enthusiasm.
The outward appearance of the peasant woman embodied the ideas of the people about a real beauty, her amazingly regular facial features and a strong healthy body. But the heroine of the poem also has enormous mental potential. Loyalty, hard work, endurance, love for her family and willingness to sacrifice for the health and happiness of her family are the natural and inalienable qualities of Daria. Suffice it to recall that this woman, on a dark frosty night, went ten miles to the monastery in order to use the last means to beg the miraculous icon from the nuns to save her husband.
Even in the most difficult life situations, Daria does not lose hope to change her life for the better, she resists adversity to her last strength. But these forces, unfortunately, are not unlimited. Therefore, the fate of the heroine is predetermined in advance, it is very typical for Russian peasant women of the nineteenth century: marriage, the birth and upbringing of numerous children, work in the field and around the house, the most difficult and black labor.
Fate had three hard parts,
And the first share: to marry a slave,
The second is to be the mother of a slave's son,
And the third - to obey the slave to the grave.
Daria was lucky only that she avoided duty "To the grave to obey the slave"... The relationship with her husband Proclus developed surprisingly happily. The husband loved Daria with restraint and a little harshness, which is typical for most peasant families of that time. In hard work, Daria has always been not only an assistant, but also a faithful friend, a support on which all relatives were kept. The family had a son and a daughter, and in the spring Daria had to give birth to her third child. The couple dreamed of how beautifully they would marry their eldest son.
Hard work and many of life's troubles were easier to endure when sincere feelings and mutual understanding reigned in the family. Daria firmly believed that hard work is the key to a happy life. But a serious illness that overtook Proclus took him to the grave. Having buried her beloved husband, the woman did not lose heart and did not break. She took on a lot more hard work than before. After seeing Proclus on his last journey, Daria wanted to kill the orphaned children, but she had to go to the forest for firewood so that the children would not freeze in the cold hut.
Climax of the poem is its second part, in which the heroine herself dies. Here Nekrasov devotes more space to Daria's memories of a past life with her beloved husband, her emotional experiences. Reality, dreams and visions of the heroine intertwine and merge into one whole. Only when she drove into the forest and was left alone with herself, Daria gave free rein to her feelings. She called her husband, shouted, spoke to him, as if Proclus was alive. The woman remembered a summer dream and realized that it was prophetic. In a dream, Daria found herself among a huge field of rye. No matter how much she called her husband for help, Proclus did not come, as now.
But Daria did not give up. She chopped a cart full of firewood and was about to leave, when she faced a mystical power - the Frost-governor. The owner of winter offered her unprecedented gifts, his kingdom, a palace, as well as the end of suffering, oblivion, nothingness and tranquility. But Daria, freezing to a loss of consciousness, with a huge effort of will revived memories of her life. No matter how heavy it is, but still very expensive for a woman. In the last battle of life, Daria did not lose her fortitude, she lost the battle with the cold with the dignity of a Russian woman. With the same obedience with which the peasant woman endured all the blows of life, she conducted her last dialogue with Frost the voivode.
Remembering her life, Daria was not worried about herself, but about her beloved children, whom she left in a neighbor's house. Full surrender and self-sacrifice for the sake of relatives is another important feature of the Russian peasant woman. In the image of Daria, the author of the poem fully revealed the potential of a Slavic woman. This inner and outer beauty of the main character is idea the poem "Frost, Red Nose". Nekrasov performed the solemn hymn to a simple Russian woman brilliantly.
"Frost, Red Nose" Nekrasov
« Jack Frost » analysis of the work - theme, idea, genre, plot, composition, characters, problems and other issues are disclosed in this article.
Peasant theme a red thread runs through all the work of Nikolai Alekseevich Nekrasov. The life of the common people, their way of life, joys and misfortunes, hard work and short moments of rest were well known to the Russian humanist. Nekrasov did not depart from his literary preferences in the poem "Jack Frost", which he wrote in 1863 and dedicated to his beloved sister Anna.
The sixties of the XIX century is a difficult period in the history of the Russian state. The situation in the country had an impact on literary life. The revolutionary movement began to decline, skepticism and despondency prevailed in the ranks of the democrats, faith in the popular forces and the peasant rebellious spirit was seriously shaken, the Russian intelligentsia felt confusion and powerful pressure from the reactionary forces.
Most likely, these circumstances prompted Nikolai Alekseevich to create a poem in which the best features of people from the people were shown and the enormous moral potential of a Russian woman was clearly indicated.
The structure of the work "Frost, Red Nose" is extremely simple, like the life of a peasant family. In the first part of the poem, Nekrasov describes in detail the funeral of Proclus and the grief of his relatives in connection with the loss of a breadwinner. The second part of the poem is completely devoted to Proclus's wife Daria, who is the main character of the work.
Nikolai Alekseevich deeply and in detail studied the peasant life, which he demonstrated especially clearly in the first part of the poem. The evening on the eve of Proclus's funeral and the mournful peasant procession in the morning of the next day clearly appear before the eyes of the reader. It becomes clear that many peasants had to be buried in this way. It was especially difficult to carry out the funeral in winter, which is clearly seen in the example of Father Proclus. The grief-stricken old man is forced with great difficulty to dig in the frozen ground a grave for his beloved son.
But in general, all the characters in the poem, including the late Proclus, were written out by Nekrasov with restraint, without much emotion. They were not supposed to overshadow the image of the main character of the work - "The stately Slav"Daria. For this woman, the writer spared no colors, no comparisons, no enthusiasm.
The outward appearance of the peasant woman embodied the ideas of the people about a real beauty, her amazingly regular facial features and a strong healthy body. But the heroine of the poem also has enormous mental potential. Loyalty, hard work, endurance, love for her family and willingness to sacrifice for the health and happiness of her family are the natural and inalienable qualities of Daria. Suffice it to recall that this woman on a dark frosty night went ten miles to the monastery in order to use the last means to beg the miraculous icon from the nuns to save her husband.
Even in the most difficult life situations, Daria does not lose hope to change her life for the better, she resists adversity to her last strength. But these forces, unfortunately, are not unlimited. Therefore, the fate of the heroine is predetermined in advance, it is very typical for Russian peasant women of the nineteenth century: marriage, the birth and upbringing of numerous children, work in the field and around the house, the most difficult and black labor.
Fate had three hard parts,
And the first share: to marry a slave,
The second is to be the mother of a slave's son,
And the third - to obey the slave to the grave.
Daria was lucky only that she avoided duty "To the grave to obey the slave"... The relationship with her husband Proclus developed surprisingly happily. The husband loved Daria with restraint and a little harshness, which is typical for most peasant families of that time. In hard work, Daria has always been not only an assistant, but also a faithful friend, a support on which all relatives were kept. The family had a son and a daughter, and in the spring Daria had to give birth to her third child. The couple dreamed of how beautifully they would marry their eldest son.
Hard work and many of life's troubles were easier to endure when sincere feelings and mutual understanding reigned in the family. Daria firmly believed that hard work is the key to a happy life. But a serious illness that overtook Proclus took him to the grave. Having buried her beloved husband, the woman did not lose heart and did not break. She has taken on a lot more hard work than before. After seeing Proclus on his last journey, Daria wanted to kill the orphaned children, but she had to go to the forest for firewood so that the children would not freeze in the cold hut.
Climax of the poem is its second part, in which the heroine herself dies. Here Nekrasov devotes more space to Daria's memories of her past life with her beloved husband, her emotional experiences. Reality, dreams and visions of the heroine intertwine and merge into one whole. Only when she drove into the forest and left alone with herself, Daria gave free rein to her feelings. She called her husband, shouted, spoke to him, as if Proclus was alive. The woman remembered a summer dream and realized that it was prophetic. In a dream, Daria found herself among a huge field of rye. No matter how much she called her husband for help, Proclus did not come, as now.
But Daria did not give up. She chopped a cart full of firewood and was about to leave, when she faced a mystical power - the Frost-governor. The owner of winter offered her unprecedented gifts, his kingdom, a palace, as well as the end of suffering, oblivion, nothingness and tranquility. But Daria, freezing to a loss of consciousness, with a huge effort of will revived memories of her life. No matter how heavy it is, but still very expensive for a woman. In the last battle of life, Daria did not lose her fortitude, she lost the battle with the cold with the dignity of a Russian woman. With the same obedience with which the peasant woman endured all the blows of life, she conducted her last dialogue with Frost the governor.
Remembering her life, Daria was not worried about herself, but about her beloved children, whom she left in a neighbor's house. Full surrender and self-sacrifice for the sake of relatives is another important feature of the Russian peasant woman. In the image of Daria, the author of the poem fully revealed the potential of a Slavic woman. This inner and outer beauty of the main character is idea the poem "Frost, Red Nose". Nekrasov performed the solemn hymn to a simple Russian woman brilliantly.