Resistance is traditionally designated by the letter R (Resistor) and measured in Ohms (Ohms). In the diagram it is indicated by a rectangle or a crossed out rectangle (this is how a thermistor is designated and its resistance depends on temperature). R3 470 means that this is resistance number 3 in this diagram and it has a resistance of 470 ohms
Capacitor
A capacitor is designated by the letter C and its capacitance is measured in Farads (F). There are two types of capacitors - polar and non-polar. In the picture below, C4 is a non-polar capacitor, C5 is a polar capacitor. The top left shows the appearance of a polar capacitor. A non-polar capacitor means non-polarized - that is, it does not matter which side it will be installed on the printed circuit board. Unlike polar, which must be set strictly - plus to plus, minus to minus. Table of capacitor values.
Diode
There are many different diodes, the diode is used as a current and voltage filter, also as a rectifier and converter. A diode is an electronic device that has different conductivity depending on the applied voltage (it passes current in one direction, not in the other)
On a printed circuit board, a regular diode looks like a resistor, but it may have a small dot on it. Since you can’t just take a diode and put it on the board, you need to determine from the diagram which side it should be installed.
LEDs (LED - Light Emitting Diode). This type of diodes is used as backlight for keyboards and screens on all modern mobile devices
You can also often find photodiodes (PhotoDiode Photo Cell). They are used as a light sensor; for example, iPhones of any generation have a function such as adjusting the screen brightness depending on the light level. The brightness is adjusted using this type of diodes.
Inductor
Roughly speaking, this is a piece of wire wound into a spiral. It is very easy to identify it on the diagram; it looks like a wave.
Fuse
A fuse is needed to protect against sudden increases in current and voltage in a particular circuit. If the resistance in the circuit is very low or there is a short circuit, the fuse will simply burn out. They are specially made from materials such that when a large current passes through it, they become very hot and burn out. On a printed circuit board they look like resistances. Indicated in the diagram by the letter F: 
Crystal oscillator
Crystal oscillators are used to measure time and serve as frequency standards. Crystal oscillators are widely used in digital technology as clock generators, that is, they generate electrical pulses of a given frequency (usually rectangular) to synchronize various processes in digital devices. By the way, the quartz oscillator is such an important element that if it breaks, the phone simply won’t turn on.
If I forgot to talk about something, write to me in the comments and I will correct this article.
Radio elements (radio components) are electronic components assembled into components of digital and analog equipment. Radio components have found their application in video equipment, audio devices, smartphones and telephones, televisions and measuring instruments, computers and laptops, office equipment and other equipment.
Types of radioelements
Radioelements connected through conductor elements collectively form an electrical circuit, which can also be called a “functional unit”. A set of electrical circuits made of radioelements, which are located in a separate common housing, is called a microcircuit - a radio-electronic assembly; it can perform many different functions.
All electronic components used in household and digital appliances are classified as radio components. It is quite problematic to list all the subtypes and types of radio components, since the result is a huge list that is constantly expanding.
To designate radio components in diagrams, both graphical symbols (GSD) and alphanumeric symbols are used.
According to the method of action in an electrical circuit, they can be divided into two types:
- Active;
- Passive.
Active type
Active electronic components are completely dependent on external factors, under the influence of which they change their parameters. It is this group that brings energy into the electrical circuit.
The following main representatives of this class are distinguished:
- Transistors are semiconductor triodes that, through an input signal, can monitor and control electrical voltage in a circuit. Before the advent of transistors, their function was performed by vacuum tubes, which consumed more electricity and were not compact;
- Diode elements are semiconductors that conduct electric current only in a single direction. They contain one electrical junction and two terminals and are made from silicon. In turn, diodes are divided according to frequency range, design, purpose, dimensions of junctions;
- Microcircuits are composite components in which capacitors, resistors, diode elements, transistors and other things are integrated into a semiconductor substrate. They are designed to convert electrical impulses and signals into digital, analog and analog-to-digital information. They can be produced without a housing or in it.
There are many more representatives of this class, but they are used less frequently.
Passive type
Passive electronic components do not depend on the flow of electrical current, voltage and other external factors. They can either consume or accumulate energy in an electrical circuit.
The following radioelements can be distinguished in this group:
- Resistors are devices that redistribute electric current between the components of a microcircuit. They are classified according to manufacturing technology, installation and protection method, purpose, current-voltage characteristics, nature of resistance changes;
- Transformers are electromagnetic devices used to convert one alternating current system to another while maintaining the frequency. Such a radio component consists of several (or one) wire coils covered by a magnetic flux. Transformers can be matching, power, pulse, isolation, as well as current and voltage devices;
- Capacitors are an element that serves to accumulate electric current and subsequently release it. They consist of several electrodes separated by dielectric elements. Capacitors are classified according to the type of dielectric components: liquid, solid organic and inorganic, gaseous;
- Inductive coils are conductor devices that serve to limit alternating current, suppress interference, and store electricity. The conductor is placed under an insulating layer.
Marking of radio components
Marking of radio components is usually done by the manufacturer and is located on the product body. Marking of such elements can be:
- symbolic;
- color;
- symbolic and color at the same time.
Important! The marking of imported radio components may differ significantly from the marking of domestically produced elements of the same type.
On a note. Every radio amateur, when trying to decipher a particular radio component, resorts to a reference book, since it is not always possible to do this from memory due to the huge variety of models.
The designation of radioelements (labeling) of European manufacturers often occurs according to a specific alphanumeric system consisting of five characters (three numbers and two letters for products of general use, two numbers and three letters for special equipment). The numbers in such a system determine the technical parameters of the part.
European wide-spread semiconductor labeling system
| 1st letter – material coding | |
|---|---|
| A | The main component is germanium |
| B | Silicon |
| C | A compound of gallium and arsenic – gallium arsenide |
| R | Cadmium sulfide |
| 2nd letter – type of product or its description | |
| A | Low power diode element |
| B | Varicap |
| C | Low power transistor operating at low frequencies |
| D | Powerful transistor operating at low frequencies |
| E | Tunnel Diode Component |
| F | High frequency low power transistor |
| G | More than one device in a single housing |
| H | Magnetic diode |
| L | Powerful transistor operating at high frequency |
| M | Hall Sensor |
| P | Phototransistor |
| Q | Light diode |
| R | Low power switching device |
| S | Low-power switching transistor |
| T | Powerful switching device |
| U | Powerful switching transistor |
| X | Multiplying diode element |
| Y | High Power Diode Rectifier Element |
| Z | Zener diode |
Designation of radio components on electrical circuits
Due to the fact that there are a huge number of different radio-electronic components, norms and rules for their graphic designation on a microcircuit have been adopted at the legislative level. These regulations are called GOSTs, which contain comprehensive information on the type and dimensional parameters of the graphic image and additional symbolic clarifications.
Important! If a radio amateur draws up a circuit for himself, then GOST standards can be neglected. However, if the electrical circuit being drawn up will be submitted for examination or verification to various commissions and government agencies, then it is recommended to check everything with the latest GOSTs - they are constantly being supplemented and changed.
The designation of radio components of the “resistor” type, located on the board, looks like a rectangle in the drawing, next to it is the letter “R” and a number - a serial number. For example, “R20” means that the resistor in the diagram is the 20th in a row. Inside the rectangle, its operating power can be written, which it can dissipate for a long time without collapsing. The current passing through this element dissipates a specific power, thereby heating it. If the power is greater than the rated value, the radio product will fail.
Each element, like a resistor, has its own requirements for the outline on the circuit drawing, conventional alphabetic and digital designations. To search for such rules, you can use a variety of literature, reference books and numerous Internet resources.
Any radio amateur must understand the types of radio components, their markings and conventional graphic designations, since it is precisely this knowledge that will help him correctly draw up or read an existing diagram.
Video
Beginning radio amateurs are often faced with the problem of identifying radio components on diagrams and correctly reading their markings. The main difficulty lies in the large number of names of elements, which are represented by transistors, resistors, capacitors, diodes and other parts. Its practical implementation and normal operation of the finished product largely depend on how correctly the diagram is read.
Resistors
Resistors include radio components that have a strictly defined resistance to the electric current flowing through them. This function is designed to reduce the current in the circuit. For example, to make a lamp shine less brightly, power is supplied to it through a resistor. The higher the resistance of the resistor, the less the lamp will glow. For fixed resistors, the resistance remains unchanged, while variable resistors can change their resistance from zero to the maximum possible value.
Each constant resistor has two main parameters - power and resistance. The power value is indicated on the diagram not with alphabetic or numerical symbols, but with the help of special lines. The power itself is determined by the formula: P = U x I, that is, equal to the product of voltage and current. This parameter is important because a particular resistor can only withstand a certain amount of power. If this value is exceeded, the element will simply burn out, since heat is released during the passage of current through the resistance. Therefore, in the figure, each line marked on the resistor corresponds to a certain power.
There are other ways to designate resistors in diagrams:
- On the circuit diagrams, the serial number is indicated in accordance with the location (R1) and the resistance value is equal to 12K. The letter “K” is a multiple prefix and means 1000. That is, 12K corresponds to 12,000 ohms or 12 kilo-ohms. If the letter “M” is present in the marking, this indicates 12,000,000 ohms or 12 megaohms.
- In marking with letters and numbers, the letter symbols E, K and M correspond to certain multiple prefixes. So the letter E = 1, K = 1000, M = 1000000. The decoding of the symbols will look like this: 15E - 15 Ohm; K15 - 0.15 Ohm - 150 Ohm; 1K5 - 1.5 kOhm; 15K - 15 kOhm; M15 - 0.15M - 150 kOhm; 1M2 - 1.5 mOhm; 15M - 15mOhm.
- In this case, only digital designations are used. Each includes three digits. The first two of them correspond to the value, and the third - to the multiplier. Thus, the factors are: 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4. They indicate the number of zeros added to the base value. For example, 150 - 15 Ohm; 151 - 150 Ohm; 152 - 1500 Ohm; 153 - 15000 Ohm; 154 - 120000 Ohm.
Fixed resistors
The name of constant resistors is associated with their nominal resistance, which remains unchanged throughout the entire period of operation. They differ depending on the design and materials.
Wire elements consist of metal wires. In some cases, high resistivity alloys may be used. The basis for winding the wire is a ceramic frame. These resistors have high nominal accuracy, but a serious drawback is the presence of a large self-inductance. In the manufacture of film metal resistors, a metal with high resistivity is sprayed onto a ceramic base. Due to their qualities, such elements are most widely used.
The design of carbon fixed resistors can be film or volumetric. In this case, the qualities of graphite as a material with high resistivity are used. There are other resistors, for example, integral ones. They are used in specific integrated circuits where the use of other elements is not possible.
Variable resistors
Beginning radio amateurs often confuse a variable resistor with a variable capacitor, since in appearance they are very similar to each other. However, they have completely different functions, and there are also significant differences in how they are represented on the circuit diagrams.
The design of a variable resistor includes a slider that rotates along the resistive surface. Its main function is to adjust the parameters, which consists in changing the internal resistance to the desired value. The operation of the volume control in audio equipment and other similar devices is based on this principle. All adjustments are made by smoothly changing voltage and current in electronic devices.
The main parameter of a variable resistor is its resistance, which can vary within certain limits. In addition, it has an installed power that it must withstand. All types of resistors have these qualities.
On domestic circuit diagrams, elements of variable type are indicated in the form of a rectangle, on which two main and one additional terminal are marked, located vertically or passing through the icon diagonally.
In foreign diagrams, the rectangle is replaced by a curved line indicating an additional output. Next to the designation is the English letter R with the serial number of a particular element. The value of the nominal resistance is indicated next to it.
Connection of resistors
In electronics and electrical engineering, resistor connections are often used in various combinations and configurations. For greater clarity, you should consider a separate section of the circuit with serial, parallel and.
In a series connection, the end of one resistor is connected to the beginning of the next element. Thus, all resistors are connected one after another, and a total current of the same value flows through them. Between the start and end points there is only one path for current to flow. As the number of resistors connected into a common circuit increases, there is a corresponding increase in the total resistance.
A connection is considered parallel when the starting ends of all resistors are combined at one point, and the final outputs at another point. Current flow occurs through each individual resistor. As a result of parallel connection, as the number of connected resistors increases, the number of paths for current flow also increases. The total resistance in such a section decreases in proportion to the number of connected resistors. It will always be less than the resistance of any resistor connected in parallel.
Most often in radio electronics, a mixed connection is used, which is a combination of parallel and serial options.
In the diagram shown, resistors R2 and R3 are connected in parallel. The series connection includes resistor R1, a combination of R2 and R3, and resistor R4. In order to calculate the resistance of such a connection, the entire circuit is divided into several simple sections. After this, the resistance values are summed up and the overall result is obtained.
Semiconductors
A standard semiconductor diode consists of two terminals and one rectifying electrical junction. All elements of the system are combined in a common housing made of ceramic, glass, metal or plastic. One part of the crystal is called the emitter, due to the high concentration of impurities, and the other part, with a low concentration, is called the base. The marking of semiconductors on the diagrams reflects their design features and technical characteristics.
Germanium or silicon is used to make semiconductors. In the first case, it is possible to achieve a higher transmission coefficient. Elements made of germanium are characterized by increased conductivity, for which even a low voltage is sufficient.
Depending on the design, semiconductors can be point or planar, and according to technological characteristics they can be rectifier, pulse or universal.
Capacitors
A capacitor is a system that includes two or more electrodes made in the form of plates - plates. They are separated by a dielectric, which is much thinner than the capacitor plates. The entire device has mutual capacitance and has the ability to store electrical charge. In the simplest diagram, the capacitor is presented in the form of two parallel metal plates separated by some kind of dielectric material.
On the circuit diagram, next to the image of the capacitor, its nominal capacitance is indicated in microfarads (μF) or picofarads (pF). When designating electrolytic and high-voltage capacitors, after the rated capacitance the value of the maximum operating voltage, measured in volts (V) or kilovolts (kV), is indicated.
Variable capacitors
To designate capacitors with variable capacitance, two parallel segments are used, which are crossed by an inclined arrow. Movable plates connected at a certain point in the circuit are depicted as a short arc. Next to it is a designation for the minimum and maximum capacity. A block of capacitors, consisting of several sections, is combined using a dashed line intersecting the adjustment signs (arrows).
The trimmer capacitor designation includes a slanted line with a dash at the end instead of an arrow. The rotor appears as a short arc. Other elements - thermal capacitors - are designated by the letters SK. In its graphic representation, a temperature symbol is placed next to the nonlinear regulation sign.
Permanent capacitors
Graphic symbols for capacitors with constant capacitance are widely used. They are depicted as two parallel segments and conclusions from the middle of each of them. The letter C is placed next to the icon, after it - the serial number of the element and, with a small interval, a numerical designation of the nominal capacity.
When using a capacitor with in a circuit, an asterisk is placed instead of its serial number. The rated voltage value is indicated only for high voltage circuits. This applies to all capacitors except electrolytic ones. The digital voltage symbol is placed after the capacity designation.
The connection of many electrolytic capacitors requires correct polarity. In the diagrams, a “+” sign or a narrow rectangle is used to indicate a positive cover. In the absence of polarity, narrow rectangles mark both plates.
Diodes and Zener diodes
Diodes are the simplest semiconductor devices that operate on the basis of an electron-hole junction known as a pn junction. The property of one-way conductivity is clearly conveyed in graphic symbols. A standard diode is depicted as a triangle, symbolizing the anode. The apex of the triangle indicates the direction of conduction and abuts the transverse line indicating the cathode. The entire image is intersected in the center by an electrical circuit line.
The letter designation VD is used. It displays not only individual elements, but also entire groups, for example, . The type of a particular diode is indicated next to its position designation.
The basic symbol is also used to designate zener diodes, which are semiconductor diodes with special properties. The cathode has a short stroke directed towards the triangle, symbolizing the anode. This stroke is positioned unchanged, regardless of the position of the zener diode icon on the circuit diagram.
Transistors
Most electronic components have only two terminals. However, elements such as transistors are equipped with three terminals. Their designs come in a variety of types, shapes and sizes. Their general principles of operation are the same, and minor differences are associated with the technical characteristics of a particular element.
Transistors are used primarily as electronic switches to turn various devices on and off. The main convenience of such devices is the ability to switch high voltages using a low voltage source.
At its core, each transistor is a semiconductor device with the help of which electrical oscillations are generated, amplified and converted. The most widespread are bipolar transistors with the same electrical conductivity of the emitter and collector.
In the diagrams they are designated by the letter code VT. The graphic image is a short dash with a line extending from the middle of it. This symbol indicates the base. Two inclined lines are drawn to its edges at an angle of 60 0, displaying the emitter and collector.
The electrical conductivity of the base depends on the direction of the emitter arrow. If it is directed towards the base, then the electrical conductivity of the emitter is p, and that of the base is n. When the arrow is directed in the opposite direction, the emitter and base change their electrical conductivity to the opposite value. Knowledge of electrical conductivity is necessary to correctly connect the transistor to the power source.
In order to make the designation on the diagrams of radio components of the transistor more clear, it is placed in a circle indicating the housing. In some cases, a metal housing is connected to one of the terminals of the element. Such a place on the diagram is displayed as a dot placed where the pin intersects with the housing symbol. If there is a separate terminal on the case, then the line indicating the terminal can be connected to a circle without a dot. Near the positional designation of the transistor its type is indicated, which can significantly increase the information content of the circuit.
Letter designations on radio component diagrams
|
Basic designation |
Item name |
Additional designation |
Device type |
|
Device |
Current regulator |
||
|
Relay block |
|||
|
Device |
|||
|
Converters |
Speaker |
||
|
Thermal sensor |
|||
|
Photocell |
|||
|
Microphone |
|||
|
Pickup |
|||
|
Capacitors |
Power capacitor bank |
||
|
Charging capacitor block |
|||
|
Integrated circuits, microassemblies |
IC analog |
||
|
Digital IC, logic element |
|||
|
Elements are different |
Thermal electric heater |
||
|
Lighting lamp |
|||
|
Arresters, fuses, protective devices |
Discrete instantaneous current protection element |
||
|
The same for inertial current |
|||
|
fuse |
|||
|
Arrester |
|||
|
Generators, power supplies |
Battery |
||
|
Synchronous compensator |
|||
|
Generator exciter |
|||
|
Indicating and signaling devices |
Sound alarm device |
||
|
Indicator |
|||
|
Light signaling device |
|||
|
Signal board |
|||
|
Signal lamp with green lens |
|||
|
Signal lamp with red lens |
|||
|
Signal lamp with white lens |
|||
|
Ionic and semiconductor indicators |
|||
|
Relays, contactors, starters |
Current relay |
||
|
Indicator relay |
|||
|
Electrothermal relay |
|||
|
Contactor, magnetic starter |
|||
|
Time relay |
|||
|
Voltage relay |
|||
|
Enable command relay |
|||
|
Trip command relay |
|||
|
Intermediate relay |
|||
|
Inductors, chokes |
Fluorescent lighting control |
||
|
Action time meter, clock |
|||
|
Voltmeter |
|||
|
Wattmeter |
|||
|
Power switches and disconnectors |
Automatic switch |
||
|
Resistors |
Thermistor |
||
|
Potentiometer |
|||
|
Measuring shunt |
|||
|
Varistor |
|||
|
Switching device in control, signaling and measuring circuits |
Switch or switch |
||
|
Push-button switch |
|||
|
Automatic switch |
|||
|
Autotransformers |
Current transformer |
||
|
Voltage transformers |
|||
|
Converters |
Modulator |
||
|
Demodulator |
|||
|
power unit |
|||
|
Frequency converter |
|||
|
Electrovacuum and semiconductor devices |
Diode, zener diode |
||
|
Electrovacuum device |
|||
|
Transistor |
|||
|
Thyristor |
|||
|
Contact connectors |
Current collector |
||
|
High frequency connector |
|||
|
Mechanical devices with electromagnetic drive |
Electromagnet |
||
|
Electromagnetic lock |
The ability to read electrical diagrams is an important component, without which it is impossible to become a specialist in the field of electrical installation work. Every novice electrician must know how sockets, switches, switching devices and even an electricity meter are designated on a wiring project in accordance with GOST. Next, we will provide readers of the site with symbols in electrical circuits, both graphic and alphabetic.
Graphic
As for the graphic designation of all elements used in the diagram, we will provide this overview in the form of tables in which the products will be grouped by purpose.
In the first table you can see how electrical boxes, panels, cabinets and consoles are marked on electrical circuits:
The next thing you should know is the symbol for power sockets and switches (including walk-through ones) on single-line diagrams of apartments and private houses:
As for lighting elements, lamps and fixtures according to GOST are indicated as follows:
In more complex circuits where electric motors are used, elements such as:
It is also useful to know how transformers and chokes are graphically indicated on circuit diagrams:
Electrical measuring instruments according to GOST have the following graphic designation on the drawings:
By the way, here is a table useful for novice electricians, which shows what the ground loop looks like on a wiring plan, as well as the power line itself:
In addition, in the diagrams you can see a wavy or straight line, “+” and “-”, which indicate the type of current, voltage and pulse shape:
In more complex automation schemes, you may encounter incomprehensible graphic symbols, such as contact connections. Remember how these devices are designated on electrical diagrams:
In addition, you should be aware of what radio elements look like on projects (diodes, resistors, transistors, etc.):
That's all the conventional graphic symbols in the electrical circuits of power circuits and lighting. As you have already seen for yourself, there are quite a lot of components and remembering how each is designated is possible only with experience. Therefore, we recommend that you save all these tables so that when reading the wiring plan for a house or apartment, you can immediately determine what kind of circuit element is located in a certain place.
Interesting video
GOST 2.730-73
Group T52
INTERSTATE STANDARD
Unified system of design documentation
CONDITIONAL GRAPHIC DESIGNATIONS IN SCHEMES
Semiconductor devices
Unified system for design documentation. Graphical symbols in diagrams. Semiconductor devices
ISS 01.080.40
31.080
Date of introduction 1974-07-01
INFORMATION DATA
1. DEVELOPED AND INTRODUCED by the State Committee of Standards of the Council of Ministers of the USSR
2. APPROVED AND ENTERED INTO EFFECT by Resolution of the State Committee of Standards of the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated 08.16.73 N 2002
3. Complies with ST SEV 661-88
4. INSTEAD GOST 2.730-68, GOST 2.747-68 in terms of clauses 33 and 34 of the table
5. EDITION (April 2010) with Amendments No. 1, 2, 3, 4, approved in July 1980, April 1987, March 1989, July 1991 (IUS 10-80, 7-87 , 6-89, 10-91), Amendment (IUS 3-91)
1. This standard establishes the rules for constructing conventional graphic symbols of semiconductor devices on circuits performed manually or automatically in all industries.
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 3).
2. Designations of elements of semiconductor devices are given in Table 1.
Designations of elements of semiconductor devices
Table 1
Name | Designation |
1. (Deleted, Amendment No. 2). | |
2. Electrodes: | |
single terminal base | |
base with two terminals | |
R-emitter with N- region | |
N-emitter with P-region | |
some R- emitters with N-region | |
some N- emitters with P-region | |
manifold with base | |
multiple collectors, for example four collectors on a base | |
3. Areas: | |
area between conductive layers with different electrical conductivities | |
Transfer from R-areas to N-regions and vice versa | |
region of intrinsic electrical conductivity ( I-region): | |
1) between areas with electrical conductivity of different types PIN or N.I.P. | |
2) between areas with electrical conductivity of the same type P.I.P. or NIN | |
3) between the collector and an area with opposite electrical conductivity PIN or N.I.P. | |
4) between the collector and an area with electrical conductivity of the same type P.I.P. or NIN | |
4. Conduction channel for field effect transistors: | |
enriched type | |
lean type | |
5. Transition PN | |
6. Transition NP | |
7. R-channel on the substrate N-type, enriched type | |
8. N-channel on the substrate P-type, depleted type | |
9. Insulated shutter | |
10. Source and drain | |
Note. The source line should be drawn as an extension of the gate line, for example: | |
11. Conclusions of semiconductor devices: | |
not electrically connected to the housing | |
electrically connected to the housing | |
12. External housing terminal. It is allowed to place a point at the point of connection to the body |
(Changed edition, Amendment No. 2, 3).
3, 4. (Excluded, Amendment No. 1).
________________
* Tables 2, 3. (Excluded, Amendment No. 1).
5. Signs characterizing the physical properties of semiconductor devices are given in Table 4.
Signs characterizing the physical properties of semiconductor devices
Table 4
Name | Designation |
1. Tunnel effect | |
a) straight | |
b) converted | |
2. Avalanche effect: | |
a) one-sided | |
b) double-sided | |
3-8. (Excluded, Amendment No. 2). | |
9. Schottky effect |
6. Examples of constructing designations for semiconductor diodes are given in Table 5.
Examples of constructing symbols for semiconductor diodes
Table 5
Name | Designation |
General designation | |
2. Tunnel diode | |
3. Reversed diode | |
4. Zener diode (avalanche rectifier diode) | |
a) one-sided | |
b) double-sided | |
5. Thermal electric diode | |
6. Varicap (capacitive diode) | |
7. Bidirectional diode | |
8. Module with several (for example, three) identical diodes with a common anode and independent cathode terminals | |
8a. Module with several identical diodes with a common cathode and independent anode leads | |
9. Schottky diode | |
10. Light-emitting diode |
7. Designations of thyristors are given in Table 6.
Thyristor designations
Table 6
Name | Designation |
1. Diode thyristor, lockable in reverse direction | |
2. Diode thyristor, conducting in the opposite direction | |
3. Thyristor diode symmetrical | |
4. Triode thyristor. General designation | |
5. Triode thyristor, lockable in reverse direction with control: | |
along the anode | |
along the cathode | |
6. Switchable triode thyristor: | |
general designation | |
reverse lockable, anode controlled | |
reverse lockable, cathode controlled | |
7. Triode thyristor, conducting in the opposite direction: | |
general designation | |
with anode control | |
with cathode control | |
8. Triode symmetrical thyristor (bidirectional) - triac | |
9. Tetroid thyristor, lockable in reverse direction |
Note. It is possible to depict the designation of a thyristor controlled by the anode as a continuation of the corresponding side of the triangle.
8. Examples of constructing transistor designations with P-N- transitions are given in Table 7.
Examples of constructing transistor symbols
Table 7
Name | Designation |
1. Transistor | |
a) type PNP | |
b) type NPN with output from internal screen | |
2. Transistor type NPN, the collector is connected to the housing | |
3. Avalanche type transistor NPN | |
4. Unijunction transistor with N-base | |
5. Unijunction transistor with P-base | |
6. Double-base type transistor NPN | |
7. Double-base type transistor PNIP with output from -area | |
8. Double-base type transistor PNIP with output from -area | |
9. Multi-emitter type transistor NPN |
Note. When executing the schemes it is allowed:
a) designate transistors in a mirror image, for example,
b) depict the body of the transistor.
9. Examples of constructing designations for field-effect transistors are given in Table 8.
Examples of constructing designations for field-effect transistors
Table 8
Name | Designation |
1. Field effect transistor with channel type N | |
2. Field effect transistor with channel type P | |
3. Field-effect transistor with an insulated gate without output from the substrate: | |
a) enriched type with R- channel | |
b) enriched type with N- channel | |
c) depleted type with R- channel | |
d) lean type with N- channel | |
4. Field-effect transistor with insulated gate enriched type with N- channel, with internal connection between source and substrate | |
5. Field-effect transistor with an insulated gate with output from an enriched type substrate with R- channel | |
6. Field-effect transistor with two insulated depletion gates with R- channel with output from the substrate | |
7. Field effect transistor with Schottky gate | |
8. Field effect transistor with two Schottky gates |
Note. It is allowed to depict the housing of transistors.
10. Examples of designations for photosensitive and emitting semiconductor devices are given in Table 9.
Examples of construction of designations for photosensitive and emitting semiconductor devices
Table 9
Name | Designation |
1. Photoresistor: | |
a) general designation | |
b) differential | |
2. Photodiode | |
3. Photoresistor | |
4. Phototransistor: | |
a) type PNP | |
b) type NPN | |
5. Photocell | |
6. Photo battery |
11. Examples of constructing designations for optoelectronic devices are given in Table 10
Examples of constructing designations for optoelectronic devices
Table 10
Name | Designation |
1. Diode optocoupler | |
2. Thyristor optocoupler | |
3. Resistor optocoupler | |
4. Optoelectronic device with photodiode and amplifier: | |
a) combined | |
b) spaced | |
5. Optoelectronic device with phototransistor: | |
a) with output from the base | |
b) without output from the base |