5 names of everyday Russian folk tales and received the best answer
Answer from [Lenochka][guru]
Choose:
Porridge from an ax
Fedul and Melania
Master and dog
Barin and man
Dobry pop
Master Blacksmith
Pot
Seven-year-old daughter
The Fool and the Birch
The Wrangling Wife
Hare
Ivan the Fool
How a priest hired a worker
Lutonyushka
Slander water
If you don't like it, don't listen
Petukhan Kurikhanych
Funeral of a goat
About need
Soldier's overcoat
Three rolls and one bagel
Good, but bad
What doesn't happen in the world
Boring tales
Answer from 2 answers[guru]
Hello! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: 5 names of everyday Russian folk tales
Answer from Black Tractor Driver[guru]
So five or six? O_o Turnip, Kolobok, At the behest of the pike... So nothing else comes out of the blue. Question: 3 bears and Masha and the bear - are these HOUSEHOLD fairy tales or not?
Oh, I also remembered how the man shared the master’s goose. I just don't remember the exact name...
Answer from A.UMAROV[guru]
Ryaba chicken, bun, turnip, Masha and the bear, fox and wolf, fox and crane
Answer from Sergey Afanasiev[active]
Kolobok
Zaykin's hut
Fox-sister and wolf
For a shoe - a chicken, for a chicken - a piece
Fox midwife
Fox, hare and rooster
Mizgir
Animals in the pit
Masha and the Bear
Teremok
Fox Confessor
Man, bear and fox
Sheep, fox and wolf
No goat with nuts
Wolf and kids
Cat - gray forehead, goat and ram
Fox and black grouse
Fox and crane
Fox and cancer
Fox and jug
Fox and goat
Winter hut of animals
Cat and Fox
Cat, rooster and fox
Egg (Hen Ryaba)
Lion, pike and man
Mushroom War
bean seed
Crane and heron
About the toothy pike
Fairy tales
Sun, Moon and Raven Voronovich
Feather of Finist the clear falcon
Suma, give me some brains!
Daughter and stepdaughter
Tiny - Khavroshechka
The Witch and the Sun's Sister
Princess Frog
The prince and his uncle
Morozko
Snow Maiden
Vasilisa the Beautiful
Baba Yaga
Baba Yaga and Zamoryshek
Tereshechka
Swan geese
Three kingdoms - copper, silver and gold
Truth and Falsehood
Sister Alyonushka and brother Ivanushka
Kuzma Skorobogaty
At the behest of the pike
The Tale of Rejuvenating Apples and Living Water
Go there - I don’t know where, bring that - I don’t know what
Tom Thumb
Chivy, chivy, chivychok...
Ivan - son of a cow
Ivan Tsarevich and the Grey Wolf
Sivka-burka
The Sea King and Vasilisa the Wise
The tale of the glorious, mighty hero Eruslan Lazarevich
Ivan - peasant son and miracle Yudo
Marya Morevna
Magic ring
Petrified Kingdom
The Enchanted Princess
Crystal Mountain
White duck
Prophetic dream
Magic pipe
Clay guy
Grief
Treasure
Dashingly one-eyed
Nikita Kozhemyaka
Night dancing
Rooster and millstones
bird tongue
Seven Simeons
The soldier and the devil
Tricky Science
Devil-lender
Wonderful shirt
Shabarsha
Magic horse
Everyday tales
Porridge from an ax
Fedul and Melania
Master and dog
Barin and man
Dobry pop
Master Blacksmith
Pot
Seven-year-old daughter
The Fool and the Birch
The Wrangling Wife
Hare
Ivan the Fool
How a priest hired a worker
Lutonyushka
Slander water
If you don't like it, don't listen
Petukhan Kurikhanych
Funeral of a goat
About need
Soldier's overcoat
Three rolls and one bagel
Good, but bad
What doesn’t happen in the world - like everything
Answer from Artem michailin[newbie]
Porridge from an ax
Answer from Yergey Starykh[active]
porridge from an ax
Answer from Igor Shvedov[newbie]
Thank you
Answer from Natalya Solomeina[newbie]
thank you
Answer from Just a Cutie[newbie]
Household:
1.About need
2.Soldier's overcoat
3. Three rolls and one bagel
4.Good, but bad
5. If you don’t like it, don’t listen
6.Petukhan Kurikhanych
7.What doesn’t happen in the world
8. Boring tales
9. Porridge from an ax
10.Fedul and Melania
11. Master and dog
12. Master and man
13. Good pop
14. Master-blacksmith
15.Potty
16. Seven-year-old daughter
17. The Fool and the Birch
18. The Argumentative Wife
19.Hare
Answer from Olga Ivanova[newbie]
Thank you
Answer from Alla Chesnokova[active]
cgfcb,j
Answer from Olga Martynenko[newbie]
Coachman and merchant
Pike with horseradish
Six brothers - all Agathons
Shemyakin court
The soldier was walking home
What are you bringing to the market?
What do you hear next?
Purity, grace and beauty
Devil-lender
What doesn't happen in the world
Church service
Tsar, old man and boyars
Tsar Ivan and the Lapotnik
Skinny wife
Good, but bad
Whip and Sneaky
Fomka is a jester
Thomas and Erema
Foma Berennikov
Fedul and Melania
Smart worker
Daring farmhand
One woman had a deaf husband
A man had a piece of bacon hanging in his hallway
Three rolls and one bagel
Stomping and kicking
Tini-tini, sip...
Court
The river is all made of milk, the banks are made of jelly
Old woman's prayer
Matched children
Soldiers' school
Soldier's overcoat
Soldier's riddle
Soldier-storyteller
Soldier and king in the forest
Soldier and lard
Soldier and dumplings
The Tale of the Hero Gol Voyansky
Angry lady
Pig at a wedding
Shoemaker in the sky
Gemstone
Fishing and hunting tales
Rhymes
turnip
Turnip and honey
Turnip
Talk
About one soldier
About need
About a poor man
The Vyatkas came to Moscow
Saying
Habits
Funeral of a goat
Promised half
Popov's subterfuges
Popova cow
Pop Groin
Pop in the next world
Pop on holiday
Pop and worker
Pop and boy
Pop and deacon
Landowner and headman
The man took three-quarters of the rye to town to sell
For a penny glitter
Carpenter and wedge
Peter 1 and the man
Petukhan Kurikhanych
Hunter and his wife
The slandered merchant's daughter
One stupid woman
About the gypsy
About the Villager and the She-Bear
Night on Ivan Kupala
Inept Wife
Unsolved mystery
Illiterate village
Father's Instruction
Slander water
Stuffed fool
Peasant caftan
Man and pop
The Man and the Bear (Tops and Roots)
Man and hare
Husband and wife
Hassle
Mizgir
Mena
Fox and blackbird
Laziness and Dirty
Lazy wife
Lied and Cheated
A man bought a goose for the holiday and hung it in the hallway
Where are you going, my dear?
Who will be better off on judgment day?
If you drown
Mare's egg
Porridge from an ax
Kakofey
How the old woman found the bast shoe
How the old man ran the house
How a priest hired a worker
How a man divided geese
How a husband weaned his wife off fairy tales
How the husband managed the house
How Ivan the Fool guarded the door
How the deacon was treated to honey
How are things in Rostov?
How the master bought a sheep
Cab driver and horse
Ivan the Terrible and the Thief
Witch Doctor
Hare
Puzzles
Will
For a bad head - work for the legs
The Wrangling Wife
Prover wife
The Fool and the Birch
Duma
Seven-year-old daughter
Daughter and stepdaughter
Expensive lunch
Expensive leather
Doka on doka
Guess
Dobry pop
Grandfather and grandson
Two old women and a bishop
Two friends
Two Ivans - soldiers' sons
Two thieves
It was a long time ago...
Sovereign Sidor Karpovich
Pot
potter
Gorshenya
Stupid man
Stupid groom
Stupid lady
The girl got married
Thieves and the judge
Crow and cancer
Thieving man
Magic caftan
Prophetic oak
In one village there lived an old man
There was a German manager in one landowner village
Brito - shorn
Brother and sister
Big one brick house
Chatty woman
Unmemorable son-in-law
Carefree Monastery
Carefree wife
Illiterate village
Poor master and servant
Father, let go!
Barsky geese
Master Blacksmith
The master barks in the church
Master and headman
Master and dog
Barin and man
Master and gander
Master - servant
Baba and two soldiers
Afonka! Where have you been?..
Does not necessarily imply exciting action with magical transformations, where glorious heroes defeat mythical monsters with the help of amazing artifacts. Many of these stories are based on events that could very well take place in real life. These are everyday tales. They teach goodness, ridicule human vices: greed, stupidity, cruelty and others, often containing an ironic basis and social background. What is an everyday fairy tale? This is an instructive story without any special supernatural miracles, useful for children, and often thought-provoking even for adults.
"Turnip"
You don't have to look too far to find an example of such a tale. They can use the well-known story about the turnip that my grandfather planted in the garden. The old man did not expect that it would grow too big, so much so that he would not be able to pull it out of the ground alone. In order to cope with this difficult task, the grandfather called all members of his family for help. They turned out to be a grandmother, granddaughter and animals living in the house. Thus, the turnip was pulled out. The idea of a simple plot is not difficult to understand. When everyone acts together, amicably and unitedly, everything will definitely work out. Even a little mouse took part in the described action.
Using this example, it is easy to understand what an everyday fairy tale is. Of course, the story mentioned contains some fantastic facts. For example, a turnip cannot grow so huge, and animals are not smart enough to do such work. However, if we put aside these details, the moral of the story turns out to be very useful and can be useful in real life.
Heroes of Russian fairy tales
The peculiarity of everyday fairy tales is that most often they contain healthy satire. Naive innocence turns out to be wiser than the most sophisticated cunning, and resourcefulness and ingenuity repel arrogance, vanity, arrogance and greed. Here vices are ridiculed, regardless of person and rank. In such stories, the stupidity and laziness of almighty kings and the greed of hypocritical priests are mercilessly castigated.
A wonderful hero of Russian fairy tales often turns out to be Ivanushka the Fool. This is a special character who always emerges victorious from all, even the most incredible challenges. You can understand what an everyday fairy tale is by remembering other interesting and bright heroes created by the imagination of the Russian people. They are a cunning man who is able to fool all his offenders from among the greedy rich, as well as a soldier whose resourcefulness will delight anyone.
"Porridge from an ax"
Among the examples of everyday fairy tales in which the above-mentioned characters are involved is “Porridge from an Axe.” This is a very short but instructive story about how easily and cheerfully you can overcome life's difficulties and adversities if you approach everything with humor and have an approach to people.
A resourceful soldier, having come to billet a stingy old woman who pretended to be poor so as not to treat the guest with anything, decided to use a trick to achieve his goal. He volunteered to cook food from an axe. Driven by curiosity, the mistress of the house, without noticing it herself, provided the soldier with all the food necessary for cooking and allowed him to take away the ax, which supposedly had not yet been cooked. Here, the sympathies of all readers and listeners, as a rule, are on the side of the resourceful serviceman. And interested parties have a chance to have a good laugh at the greedy old woman. This is the everyday fairy tale at its best.
Literary works
Great writers also worked in fairy-tale genres. A clear indicator of this are the works of the 19th century genius Saltykov-Shchedrin. Imitating folk art, the author assigned a certain social status to the characters, thereby conveying his political ideas to readers.
Most of his stories should rather be classified as tales about animals. They contain allegories, the purpose of which is to reveal social vices. But this does not exhaust the list of works of this writer, consonant with the genres of folk tales. Everyday fairy tales created on a social basis, for example, are reminiscent of “The Tale of How One Man Fed Two Generals.” This unique narrative breathes subtle humor and inimitable satire, and its characters are so reliable that they are relevant for any era.
Jokes
Anecdotes are also examples of everyday tales. Of course, not everyone has the same attitude towards this kind of folklore. But in this colorful genre, folk identity, the concept of morality and various vicissitudes of social relations are clearly expressed. In addition, this form of creativity is always relevant and constantly evolving.
According to modern folkloristics, everyday jokes in different areas have their own characteristic features and peculiarities, which are of interest for scientific study. This also applies to the general patterns of formation and development of this genre, which have become a topic for research and presentation in many scientific works and dissertations. At all times, an anecdote has turned out to be an excellent way for people to respond to the arbitrariness of the authorities, to phenomena and events that contradict their concepts of justice and ethics.
Other forms of the genre
It is not difficult to understand how an everyday fairy tale differs from a magical one. Of course, stories about sorcerers and fantastic adventures are always interesting and find their fans. But capacious, witty stories that reveal the full depth of social and human relations simply cannot be irrelevant. Other varieties of the genre of everyday fairy tales include riddles and ridicule. The first of them is an allegorical description of a certain object or event and is asked in the form of a question. And the second is clearly a satirical short work, which especially gives a reason to have fun at the vices of unworthy people. There are also boring fairy tales. This is a very interesting genre. In such stories, a certain set of words is deliberately repeated; there is no plot as such, because the action essentially develops in a vicious circle. A striking and well-known example of such a story is “The Tale of the White Bull.”
All of the above works constitute a treasury of folklore, a storehouse of its wisdom and sparkling humor carried through the centuries.
1 - About the little bus who was afraid of the dark
Donald Bisset 
A fairy tale about how mother bus taught her little bus not to be afraid of the dark... About the little bus who was afraid of the dark read Once upon a time there was a little bus in the world. He was bright red and lived with his dad and mom in the garage. Every morning …
2 - Three kittens
Suteev V.G. 
A short fairy tale for the little ones about three fidgety kittens and their funny adventures. Little children love short stories with pictures, which is why Suteev’s fairy tales are so popular and loved! Three kittens read Three kittens - black, gray and...
3 - Hedgehog in the fog
Kozlov S.G. 
A fairy tale about a Hedgehog, how he was walking at night and got lost in the fog. He fell into the river, but someone carried him to the shore. It was a magical night! Hedgehog in the fog read Thirty mosquitoes ran out into the clearing and began to play...
4 - About the mouse from the book
Gianni Rodari 
A short story about a mouse who lived in a book and decided to jump out of it into the big world. Only he did not know how to speak the language of mice, but knew only a strange book language... Read about a mouse from a book...
5 - Apple
Suteev V.G. 
A fairy tale about a hedgehog, a hare and a crow who could not divide the last apple among themselves. Everyone wanted to take it for themselves. But the fair bear judged their dispute, and each got a piece of the treat... Apple read It was late...
6 - Black Pool
Kozlov S.G. 
A fairy tale about a cowardly Hare who was afraid of everyone in the forest. And he was so tired of his fear that he decided to drown himself in the Black Pool. But he taught the Hare to live and not be afraid! Black Whirlpool read Once upon a time there was a Hare...
7 - About the Hippopotamus, who was afraid of vaccinations
Suteev V.G. 
A fairy tale about a cowardly hippopotamus who ran away from the clinic because he was afraid of vaccinations. And he fell ill with jaundice. Luckily, he was taken to the hospital and treated. And the hippopotamus became very ashamed of his behavior... About the Hippopotamus, who was afraid...
8 - Lisa is waiting for the bus
Nordqvist S. 
One day the girl Lisa and her mother went to the city to the puppet theater. They waited for the bus, but it still didn’t come. At the bus stop, Lisa played around with the boy Johan and didn’t regret at all that they were late for the theater. ...
The most important ideas, main issues, plot cores and - most importantly - the alignment of forces that bring about good and evil, are essentially the same in fairy tales of different peoples. In this sense, any fairy tale knows no boundaries; it is for all humanity.
Folklore studies have devoted a lot of research to the fairy tale, but defining it as one of the genres of oral folk art still remains an open problem. The heterogeneity of fairy tales, the wide thematic range, the variety of motives and characters contained in them, and the countless number of ways to resolve conflicts really make the task of defining a fairy tale by genre very difficult.
And yet, the divergence in views on a fairy tale is associated with what is regarded as the main thing in it: an orientation toward fiction or the desire to reflect reality through fiction.
The essence and vitality of a fairy tale, the secret of its magical existence is in the constant combination of two elements of meaning: fantasy and truth.
On this basis, a classification of types of fairy tales arises, although not entirely uniform. Thus, with a problem-thematic approach, fairy tales dedicated to animals, tales about unusual and supernatural events, adventure tales, social and everyday tales, anecdote tales, upside-down tales and others are distinguished.
The groups of fairy tales do not have sharply defined boundaries, but despite the fragility of the demarcation, such a classification allows you to start a substantive conversation with the child about fairy tales within the framework of a conventional “system” - which, of course, makes the work of parents and educators easier.
To date, the following classification of Russian folk tales has been accepted:
1. Tales about animals;
2. Fairy tales;
3. Everyday tales.
Let's take a closer look at each type.
Animal Tales
Folk poetry embraced the whole world; its object was not only man, but also all living things on the planet. By depicting animals, the fairy tale gives them human traits, but at the same time it records and characterizes their habits, “way of life,” etc. Hence the lively, intense text of fairy tales.
Man has long felt a kinship with nature; he truly was a part of it, fighting with it, seeking its protection, sympathizing and understanding. The later introduced fable, parable meaning of many fairy tales about animals is also obvious.
In fairy tales about animals, fish, animals, birds act, they talk to each other, declare war on each other, make peace. The basis of such tales is totemism (belief in a totemic animal, the patron of the clan), which resulted in the cult of the animal. For example, the bear, which became the hero of fairy tales, according to the ideas of the ancient Slavs, could predict the future. He was often thought of as a terrible, vengeful beast, unforgiving of insults (the fairy tale “The Bear”). The further the belief in this goes, the more confident a person becomes in his abilities, the more possible is his power over the animal, the “victory” over him. This happens, for example, in the fairy tales “The Man and the Bear” and “The Bear, the Dog and the Cat.” Fairy tales differ significantly from beliefs about animals - in the latter, fiction associated with paganism plays a large role. The wolf is believed to be wise and cunning, the bear is terrible. The fairy tale loses its dependence on paganism and becomes a mockery of animals. Mythology in it turns into art. The fairy tale is transformed into a kind of artistic joke - a criticism of those creatures that are meant by animals. Hence the closeness of such tales to fables ("The Fox and the Crane", "Beasts in the Pit").
Tales about animals are allocated to a special group based on the nature of the characters. They are divided by type of animal. This also includes tales about plants, inanimate nature (frost, sun, wind), and objects (a bubble, a straw, a bast shoe).
In fairy tales about animals, man:
1) plays a minor role (the old man from the fairy tale “The Fox Steals Fish from the Cart”);
2) occupies a position equivalent to an animal (the man from the fairy tale “The old bread and salt is forgotten”).
Possible classification of tales about animals.
First of all, a fairy tale about animals is classified according to the main character (thematic classification). This classification is given in the index of fairy-tale plots of world folklore compiled by Arne-Thomson and in the “Comparative Index of Plots. East Slavic Fairy Tale”:
1. Wild animals.
- Fox.
- Other wild animals.
2. Wild and domestic animals
3. Man and wild animals.
4. Pets.
5. Birds and fish.
6. Other animals, objects, plants and natural phenomena.
The next possible classification of a fairy tale about animals is a structural-semantic classification, which classifies the fairy tale according to genre. There are several genres in a fairy tale about animals. V. Ya. Propp identified such genres as:
1. Cumulative tale about animals.
3. Fable (apologist)
4. Satirical tale
E. A. Kostyukhin identified genres about animals as:
1. Comic (everyday) tale about animals
2. A fairy tale about animals
3. Cumulative tale about animals
4. A short story about animals
5. Apologist (fable)
6. Anecdote.
7. A satirical tale about animals
8. Legends, traditions, everyday stories about animals
9. Tales
Propp, in the basis of his classification of animal tales by genre, tried to put a formal feature. Kostyukhin, on the other hand, partly based his classification on a formal feature, but basically the researcher divides the genres of fairy tales about animals according to content. This allows us to better understand the diverse material of fairy tales about animals, which demonstrates the variety of structural structures, diversity of styles, and richness of content.
The third possible classification of a fairy tale about animals is a classification based on the target audience. Tales about animals are divided into:
1. Children's fairy tales.
- Fairy tales told for children.
- Fairy tales told by children.
2. Adult fairy tales.
This or that genre of animal tales has its own target audience. Modern Russian fairy tales about animals mainly belong to a children's audience. Thus, fairy tales told for children have a simplified structure. But there is a genre of fairy tales about animals that will never be addressed to children - this is the so-called. A "naughty" ("cherished" or "pornographic") tale.
About twenty plots of fairy tales about animals are cumulative fairy tales. The principle of such a composition is the repeated repetition of a plot unit. Thompson, S., Bolte, J. and Polivka, I., Propp identified fairy tales with cumulative composition as a special group of fairy tales. The cumulative (chain-like) composition is distinguished:
1. With endless repetition:
- Boring fairy tales like “About the White Bull.”
- A unit of text is included in another text (“The priest had a dog”).
2. With End Repetition:
- “Turnip” - plot units grow into a chain until the chain breaks.
- “The cockerel choked” - the chain unravels until the chain breaks.
- “For a rolling duck” - the previous unit of text is negated in the next episode.
Another genre form of a fairy tale about animals is the structure of a fairy tale ("The Wolf and the Seven Little Goats", "The Cat, the Rooster and the Fox").
The leading place in fairy tales about animals is occupied by comic tales - about the pranks of animals ("The fox steals fish from a sleigh (from a cart"), "The wolf at the ice hole", "The fox coats its head with dough (sour cream), "The beaten one carries the unbeaten", "The fox midwife ", etc.), which influence other fairy-tale genres of animal epic, especially the apologist (fable). The plot core of a comic tale about animals is a chance meeting and a trick (deception, according to Propp). Sometimes they combine several meetings and pranks. The hero of a comic fairy tale is a trickster (one who commits tricks). The main trickster of the Russian fairy tale is the fox (in the world epic - the hare). Its victims are usually a wolf and a bear. It has been noticed that if a fox acts against the weak, it loses, if against the strong, it wins. This comes from archaic folklore. In the modern animal tale, the victory and defeat of the trickster often receives a moral assessment. The trickster in the fairy tale is contrasted with the simpleton. It can be a predator (wolf, bear), or a person, or a simple animal, like a hare.
A significant part of fairy tales about animals is occupied by an apologist (fable), in which there is not a comic principle, but a moralizing, moralizing one. Moreover, the apologist does not necessarily have to have a moral in the form of an ending. The moral comes from the story situations. Situations must be unambiguous in order to easily form moral conclusions. Typical examples of an apologist are fairy tales where there is a clash of contrasting characters (Who is more cowardly than a hare?; Old bread and salt is forgotten; A splinter in the paw of a bear (lion). An apologist can also be considered such plots that have been known in literary fables since ancient times (Fox and sour grapes; The Crow and the Fox and many others). Apologist - a relatively late form of fairy tales about animals. Refers to a time when moral standards have already been determined and are looking for a suitable form for themselves. In fairy tales of this type, only a few plots with tricksters' tricks were transformed, some of the plots he developed the apologist himself (not without the influence of literature). The third way of development of the apologist is the proliferation of proverbs (proverbs and sayings. But unlike the proverbs, in the apologist the allegory is not only rational, but also sensitive.
Next to the apologist stands the so-called short story tale about animals, highlighted by E. A. Kostyukhin. A short story in an animal fairy tale is a story about unusual events with a fairly developed intrigue, with sharp turns in the fate of the heroes. The tendency towards moralization determines the fate of the genre. It has a more definite moral than the apologist, the comic element is muted or completely removed. The mischief of a comic fairy tale about animals is replaced in the novella with a different content - entertaining. A classic example of a short story about animals is "Grateful Animals." Most of the plots of folklore short stories about animals develop in literature and then pass into folklore. The easy transition of these plots is due to the fact that the literary plots themselves are based on folklore.
Speaking about satire in fairy tales about animals, it must be said that literature once gave impetus to the development of the satirical fairy tale. The conditions for the appearance of a satirical tale arose in the late Middle Ages. The satirical effect in a folk tale is achieved by putting social terminology into the mouths of animals (Fox the Confessor; Cat and Wild Animals). The plot of “Ruff Ershovich”, which is a fairy tale of book origin, stands apart. Having appeared late in a folk tale, satire did not take hold in it, since in a satirical tale one can easily remove social terminology.
So in the 19th century, the satirical fairy tale was unpopular. Satire within a fairy tale about animals is only an accent in an extremely small group of stories about animals. And the satirical fairy tale was influenced by the laws of animal fairy tales with trickster tricks. The satirical sound was preserved in fairy tales where there was a trickster in the center, and where there was complete absurdity of what was happening, the fairy tale became a fable.
Fairy tales
Fairy tales of the fairy type include magical, adventure, and heroic. At the heart of such fairy tales is a wonderful world. The wonderful world is an objective, fantastic, unlimited world. Thanks to unlimited fantasy and a wonderful principle of organizing material in fairy tales with a wonderful world of possible “transformation”, amazing in their speed (children grow by leaps and bounds, every day they become stronger or more beautiful). Not only the speed of the process is unreal, but also its very character (from the fairy tale “The Snow Maiden.” “Look, the Snow Maiden’s lips turned pink, her eyes opened. Then she shook off the snow and a living girl came out of the snowdrift.” “Conversion” in fairy tales of the wonderful type, usually occur with the help of magical creatures or objects.
Basically, fairy tales are older than others; they bear traces of a person’s primary acquaintance with the world around him.
A fairy tale is based on a complex composition, which has an exposition, a plot, plot development, a climax and a denouement.
The plot of a fairy tale is based on a story about overcoming a loss or shortage with the help of miraculous means or magical helpers. In the exhibition of the fairy tale there are consistently 2 generations - the older (the king and the queen, etc.) and the younger - Ivan and his brothers or sisters. Also included in the exhibition is the absence of the older generation. An intensified form of absence is the death of the parents. The plot of the tale is that the main character or heroine discovers a loss or shortage, or there are motives of prohibition, violation of the prohibition and subsequent disaster. Here is the beginning of counteraction, i.e. sending the hero from home.
Plot development is a search for what is lost or missing.
The climax of a fairy tale is that the protagonist or heroine fights an opposing force and always defeats it (the equivalent of fighting is solving difficult problems that are always solved).
Denouement is overcoming a loss or lack. Usually the hero (heroine) “reigns” at the end - that is, acquires a higher social status than he had at the beginning.
V.Ya. Propp reveals the monotony of a fairy tale at the plot level in a purely syntagmatic sense. It reveals the invariance of a set of functions (the actions of characters), the linear sequence of these functions, as well as a set of roles distributed in a known way between specific characters and correlated with functions. Functions are distributed among seven characters:
Antagonist (pest),
donor
assistant
princess or her father
sender
hero
false hero.
Meletinsky, identifying five groups of fairy tales, tries to resolve the issue of the historical development of the genre in general, and plots in particular. The tale contains some motifs characteristic of totemic myths. The mythological origin of the universally widespread fairy tale about a marriage with a wonderful “totemic” creature who has temporarily shed its animal shell and taken on human form is quite obvious (“A husband is looking for a missing or kidnapped wife (a wife is looking for a husband)”, “The Frog Princess”, “The Scarlet Flower” and etc.). A tale about visiting other worlds to free the captives there (“Three Underground Kingdoms”, etc.). Popular fairy tales about a group of children who fall into the power of an evil spirit, a monster, an ogre and are saved thanks to the resourcefulness of one of them ("The Witch's Thumb Boy", etc.), or about the murder of a powerful serpent - a chthonic demon ("The Conqueror of the Serpent" and etc.). In fairy tales, a family theme is actively developed (Cinderella, etc.). For a fairy tale, a wedding becomes a symbol of compensation for the socially disadvantaged (“Sivko-Burko”). The socially disadvantaged hero (younger brother, stepdaughter, fool) at the beginning of the fairy tale, endowed with all the negative characteristics from his environment, is endowed with beauty and intelligence at the end ("The Little Humpbacked Horse"). The distinguished group of tales about wedding trials draws attention to the narrative of personal destinies. The novelistic theme in a fairy tale is no less interesting than the heroic one. Propp classifies the genre of fairy tales by the presence of “Battle - Victory” in the main test or by the presence of “Difficult task - Solution of a difficult problem.” The logical development of the fairy tale was the everyday fairy tale.
Everyday tales
A characteristic feature of everyday fairy tales is the reproduction of everyday life in them. The conflict of an everyday fairy tale often consists in the fact that decency, honesty, nobility under the guise of simplicity and naivety is opposed to those personality qualities that have always caused sharp rejection among the people (greed, anger, envy).
As a rule, in everyday fairy tales there is more irony and self-irony, since Good triumphs, but the randomness or singularity of his victory is emphasized.
The variety of everyday fairy tales is characteristic: social-everyday, satirical-everyday, novelistic and others. Unlike fairy tales, everyday fairy tales contain a more significant element of social and moral criticism; they are more definite in their social preferences. Praise and condemnation sound stronger in everyday fairy tales.
Recently, information about a new type of fairy tales has begun to appear in the methodological literature - fairy tales of a mixed type. Of course, fairy tales of this type have existed for a long time, but they were not given much importance, because they forgot how much they can help in achieving educational, educational and developmental goals. In general, fairy tales of a mixed type are fairy tales of a transitional type.
They combine features inherent in both fairy tales with a wonderful world and everyday fairy tales. Elements of the miraculous also appear in the form of magical objects, around which the main action is grouped.
Fairy tales in different forms and scales strive to embody the ideal of human existence.
The fairy tale's belief in the intrinsic value of noble human qualities, the uncompromising preference for the Good, are also based on a call to wisdom, activity, and true humanity.
Fairy tales broaden one's horizons, awaken interest in the life and creativity of peoples, and foster a sense of trust in all the inhabitants of our Earth engaged in honest work.
The fairy tale has always kept pace with the times. The fairy tale once and for all set a sharp line between good and evil. She is a harsh accuser, able to simply and bluntly explain what is really good and what, on the contrary, is worthy of merciless condemnation. The fairy tale “gives” all its love and sympathy to good, and tries to destroy evil by any means available to it.
Fairy tales can be folklore (a genre of written and oral folk art) and literary.
Literary fairy tales have one or more authors. The characters of literary fairy tales, as well as folklore ones, are fictitious. The text of fairy tales of this kind is unchanged, recorded in writing.
Folklore tales are the creativity of the people themselves. They are passed down from mouth to mouth, from generation to generation. These tales reflect national ideals.
Folk tales are often characterized by a certain measure - “and I was there, I drank honey, it flowed down my mustache, but it didn’t get into my mouth.” The poetic nature of the fairy-tale language is also expressed in the usual epic repetitions, usually up to three times - the hero’s feat, an important saying, a key meeting are repeated. There are often three heroes of a fairy tale - three brothers, three sisters.
What types of folk tales are there?
Magical, everyday, about animals, boring.
Fairy tales in which a miraculous beginning, supernatural events and persons predominate are called magical. The characters in them are Koschey the Immortal, the Sea King, Morozko, Baba Yaga, the Golden-Maned Horse, the Firebird, Sivka-Burka, and Pig the Golden Bristle. In them we also encounter wonderful objects - living and dead water, a flying carpet, an invisible hat, a self-assembled tablecloth.
It is believed that all this is the personification of the forces of nature. So, for example, Koschey the Immortal, a dry and angry old man with white hair, this is winter. The king of the sea is the sea, his daughters are the waves of the sea. The Firebird is the sun, Sivka-Burka is the horse from which the earth trembles, smoke comes out of his ears, and flames burst from his nostrils - thunder and lightning. Dead and living water - rain, flying carpet - wind...
The hero of a fairy tale, acting among these creatures and objects, is an ordinary person, most often, Ivan Tsarevich, or simply Ivanushka. The hero of the fairy tale struggles with various forces, suffers, but in the end emerges victorious, most often he is helped by mythical characters.
The hero of a fairy tale is often at first humiliated, despised by others, considered a fool, but then he rises above those who despise him. This is already a moral element in the fairy tale; it probably appeared later.
There are fairy tales in which the moral idea is invisible. And, for example, in the fairy tale about Koshchei the Immortal, who kidnapped Princess Marya and imprisoned her within the walls of his castle, Ivan Tsarevich, the bridegroom, defeats the enemy with his moral virtues: firmness of will, patience, kindness.
We also see a moral principle in the fairy tale about Morozk, who rewarded a kind girl-stepdaughter and punished the evil daughters of her stepmother.
In some fairy tales, in addition to wonderful people and events, there is an image of modern life. So, in the fairy tale about Little Thumb, peasant life is depicted: a woman does housework, a man plows in the field. The son brings lunch to his father in the field and helps him plow. This picture of agricultural life is a later layering in a fairy tale, the mythical basis of which, perhaps, formed even earlier than organized agriculture.
In an everyday fairy tale, wonderful events and characters are relegated to the background, and the main place is occupied by showing a person with all his advantages and disadvantages. Such tales belong to a later period than fairy tales. The main thing in these fairy tales is the depiction of characters and moral thought.
Everyday fairy tales are the closest to real life; there is a certain fiction in it, with the help of which negative aspects are revealed, or, conversely, the ingenuity and kindness of the characters are shown. In everyday fairy tales we can observe pictures of real, everyday life.
Tales about animals occupy an important place. These tales originate from ancient times, to those times when man looked at animals as beings similar to himself, gifted with reason and the gift of speech. These tales have survived to this day in a fairly unchanged form. Fairy tales of this kind are fun for children, although they have a moralizing moment.
The heroes of fairy tales about animals are the animals that are found in the country. In our Russian fairy tales, the main characters are a fox, a bear, a wolf, a cat, a rooster, and a ram. Fairy tales of this kind are distinguished by their artistry, both in language and in the depiction of characters - each animal with its own original appearance is described briefly, but often in many ways.
Boring fairy tales are a subject of special conversation. They are small in size and have the character of jokes. Boring tales are built on wordplay. In fairy tales of this kind, light humor and irony are certainly present.