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Historical situation. REFORMES of the 60-70s:

peasant reform of 1861 zemstvo reform of 1864 judicial reform of 1864 censorship reform of 1865 urban reform of 1870 military reforms of the 1860-70s. maritime reforms of the 1850-60s. financial reforms of the 1860s university reform of 1863 Conducted by the autocracy in the context of an aggravated social crisis. Contributed to the development of capitalism.

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Historical situation. ECONOMIC CRISIS:

absolute decline in production underutilization of production capacity increase in unemployment disturbances in the monetary and monetary spheres

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CRIMINAL WAR 1853-1856 (Eastern War)

The war of the Russian Empire against the coalition of Great Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia for dominance in the Black Sea and in the Black Sea Straits area. Russia's military and economic backwardness from the Western powers led to its defeat. Russia's losses in the Crimean War were 500,000 people.

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CRIMEAN WAR

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Historical situation. SOCIAL TRENDS:

Main goal: debates about the paths of development of Russia.

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SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: WESTERNS

Supporters of the country's development along the Western European path. They criticized autocracy and serfdom. They put forward projects for the liberation of peasants with land. Main representatives: P. V. Annenkov, V. P. Botkin, T. N. Granovsky, K. D. Kavelin, M. N. Katkov, I. S. Turgenev, P. Ya. Chaadaev, B. N. Chicherin and others. Collaborated in the magazines “Otechestvennye zapiski”, “Sovremennik”, Russian Bulletin”.

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SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: SLAVOPHILES

They came out with a justification for a special, different from Western European, path of historical development of Russia, seeing its originality in the peasant community, Orthodoxy as the only true Christianity; They advocated the abolition of serfdom, the death penalty, and freedom of the press. Main representatives: I. S. and K. S. Aksakov, I. V. and P. V. Kireevsky, A. I. Koshelev, Yu. F. Samarin, A. S. Khomyakov, V. A. Cherkassky and others Close to the Slavophiles were V. I. Dal, A. N. Ostrovsky, A. A. Grigoriev, F. I. Tyutchev and others.

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SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: Narodniks

Populist ideology, which was a type of utopian socialism.

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SOCIAL TRENDS: SOIL

They preached the rapprochement of an educated society with the people (“soil”) on a religious and ethical basis. Collaborated in the magazines “Time” and “Epoch”.

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SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: TOLSTOVTS

Based on the teachings of L.N. Tolstoy, they preached “universal love”, non-resistance to evil through violence, religious and moral self-improvement as a means of transforming society.

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Philosophy of Western Europe

SCHOPENGAUER Arthur is a German irrationalist philosopher. In the main work, “The World as Will and Idea,” the essence of the world and man appears as the unconscious “will to live.” “Liberation” from the world - through compassion, selfless aesthetic contemplation, asceticism - is achieved in a state close to Buddhist nirvana. NIETZSCHE (Nietzsche) Friedrich German philosopher, representative of the philosophy of life. In his works written in the genre of philosophical and artistic prose, he made an anarchic critique of culture. In the myth of the “superman”, Nietzsche combined the individualistic cult of a strong personality with the romantic ideal of the “man of the future.”

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Literary and artistic directions

Second half of the 19th century: REALISM An objective reflection of the essential aspects of life combined with the height and truth of the author’s ideal; Reproduction of typical characters, conflicts, situations with the completeness of their artistic individualization (i.e., concretization of both national, historical, social signs, and physical, intellectual and spiritual characteristics); Predominant interest in the problem of “personality and society”.

Slide 15

End of the century: - crisis of the positivist worldview; -loss of faith in social progress; -interest in the subconscious; NATURALISM 1) the desire for an “objective” dispassionate reproduction of reality, likening artistic knowledge to scientific knowledge. 2) copying repulsive (often base) aspects of life, increased interest in physiological, mainly sexual, manifestations of human nature. IMPRESSIONISM The desire to most naturally and impartially capture the real world in its mobility and variability, to convey one’s fleeting impressions.

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PROSE

Leading genres: Second half of the 19th century NOVEL Artistic merits of the Russian novel: deep psychologism; a harmonious combination of social, philosophical, universal problems; high level of literary language. Leading masters of the genre: I.A. Goncharov I.S. Turgenev F.M. Dostoevsky L.N. Tolstoy

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Leading genres: End of the 19th century NARRATIVE, STORY Reasons for the emergence of small genres: Loss of a generalized view of life; Interest in the private life of an ordinary, “average” person. Leading masters of the genre: V.G.Korolenko V.M.Garshin A.P.Chekhov

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DRAMATURGY

Genres and directions of drama. Second half of the 19th century: - satirical comedy - A.V. Sukhovo-Kobylin - historical drama - L.A. May, A.K. Tolstoy - vaudeville - V.A. Krylov - psychological drama - folk comedy - A.N. Ostrovsky - poetic drama End of the 19th century: - “new drama” - A.P. Chekhov

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POETRY

Main directions Second half of the 19th century “Pushkin” “Gogol” (“pure art”) (realistic) philosophical social problems A.A. Fet N.A. Nekrasov A.K. Tolstoy N.A. Dobrolyubov

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Main directions: The end of the 19th century: impressionism symbolism “... the pursuit of elusive shades, the dark and unconscious in our sensitivity is a characteristic feature of future poetry.” D.S.Merezhkovsky

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The beginning of the second half of the 19th century was marked in Russia by a powerful social upsurge, which demanded from literature, and above all from poetry, new content and new artistic forms capable of reflecting the complex social contradictions of reality. The end of the 19th century was marked by a deep crisis that engulfed the entire European culture, resulting from disappointment in previous ideals and a feeling of the approaching death of existing socio-political orders.

The classical period of Russian poetry ended in the 19th century. Mentally embracing its boundless sea, one cannot help but admire the amazing variety of questions and problems that were touched upon in their works by Russian poets, who, in heartfelt, deep and emotionally moving poems, sought to preserve and strengthen faith in eternal spiritual values, in the incorruptibility of the universal ideals of Christianity, to remind the highest meaning of life and the highest destiny of man, to penetrate the secrets of the human spirit to reveal the unknown and unexplored movements of the heart's life. And although each of the poets did it in his own way, tried to reflect and comprehend the world around him, the thoughts and feelings of his contemporaries in a special way, there was one thing in common that made all the poets, even those very different from each other, have in common - this is love for the homeland and to his long-suffering people. And in my project I want to convey all the feelings of the poets, their poems about their homeland, nature, and tell a little about them.

F.I. Tyutchev was born on November 23, 1803 on the Ovstug estate in the Oryol province, into a noble family. In 1821 Graduated from the Faculty of Literature of Moscow University with a candidate's degree. Having lived abroad with short breaks for almost 22 years, Tyutchev never lost touch with his homeland.

There is a touching, mysterious charm in the lightness of autumn evenings: The ominous shine and variegation of trees, The languid, light rustle of crimson leaves, Foggy and quiet azure Above the sad and orphaned land, And, like a premonition of descending storms, A gusty, cold wind at times, Damage, exhaustion and everything That gentle smile of withering, What in a rational being we call the Divine modesty of suffering.

It is not the flesh, but the spirit that has become corrupted these days, And man desperately yearns... He rushes towards the light from the shadows of the night And, having found the light, he grumbles and rebels We burn and wither with unbelief, Today he endures what is unbearable... And he realizes his destruction, And he thirsts faith... but does not ask for it... He will not say forever, with prayer and tears, Just as he does not grieve in front of a closed door: “Let me in! -I believe, my God! Come to the aid of my unbelief!” Poem by F.I. Tyutchev “Our Century” was written on July 11, 1831. In this poem, the poet’s personality appears camouflaged, is an expression of generalized personal meaning, in addition, the accumulation of negations leads to

I.S. Turgenev was born on October 28, 1818 in Orlov, into a noble family. He was raised first at home and then studied in Moscow private boarding schools. In 1833, Turgenev entered Moscow University, but a year later he transferred to St. Petersburg University, from which he graduated with a candidate's degree. Turgenev began his creative career as a poet, during the period. His poems and poems were published in various magazines and were warmly received by critics and readers.

A foggy morning, a gray morning, Sad fields covered with snow, Reluctantly you remember the past, You remember faces long forgotten. You will remember the abundant passionate speeches, the glances so greedily, so timidly caught, the first meetings, the last meetings, the beloved sounds of a quiet voice. You will remember the separation with a strange smile, You will remember much of your distant home, Listening to the incessant murmur of the wheels, Looking thoughtfully at the wide sky. The poem “On the Road” (1843) by the outstanding Russian writer and poet I. S. Turgenev, which was later set to music and became a famous romance.

The work “The Noble Nest” was written by Turgenev in 1859. “The Noble Nest” remains one of the writer’s bright works. Despite the collapse of hopes for the personal happiness of the hero, Lavretsky, there remains hope for a bright future for others. The image of Liza Kalitina - the “Turgenev girl” - overshadows her entire environment and becomes a symbol of Russia.

Alexey Konstantinovich Tolstoy was born on August 24, 1817. in St. Petersburg in a noble family. In 1834 he was enrolled as a student in the Moscow archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He spent several years abroad, and upon returning to Russia he served at the royal court. During the Crimean War he joined the army, but did not participate in battles; he fell ill with typhus. Tolstoy began writing poetry as a child, and his first literary experiments were approved by V.A. Zhukovsky.

In the midst of a noisy ball, by chance, In the anxiety of worldly vanity, I saw You, but Your mystery covered my features. Only the eyes looked sadly, And the voice sounded so wondrous, Like the ringing of a distant pipe, Like a playing wave of the sea. I liked your thin figure and your whole thoughtful appearance, and your laughter, both sad and ringing, has been ringing in my heart ever since. In the lonely hours of the night I love, tired, to lie down - I see sad eyes, I hear cheerful speech; And I fall asleep so sadly, And I sleep in unknown dreams... Do I love you - I don’t know, But it seems to me that I do!

It was not the wind, blowing from above, that touched the sheets on the moonlit night; You touched my soul - It is as restless as leaves, It is like a multi-stringed harp. The whirlwind of life tormented her and with a crushing attack, whistling and howling, tore the strings and covered her with cold snow. Your speech caresses the ear, Your light touch is like fluff from flowers, Like a breath of May night...

A.A. Fet was born in October-November 1820 in the village of Novoselki, Mtsesky district, Oryol province. He started writing poetry very early. While still studying at the university, in 1840. He published the first collection of poems, “Lyrical Pantheon,” which included mainly imitative works. In the 50s Fet was actively published in Sovremennik, Otechestvennye zapiski and other magazines. Died in Moscow in 1892.

Some sounds rush around and cling to my headboard. They are full of languid separation, Trembling with unprecedented love. It would seem, well? The last tender caress sounded, Dust ran along the street, The postal carriage disappeared... And only... But the song of separation Unfulfilled teases with love, And bright sounds rush and cling to my headboard.

The spruce covered my path with its sleeve. Wind. In the forest alone It’s noisy, and creepy, and sad, and fun, I won’t understand anything. Wind. Everything around is humming and swaying, Leaves are spinning at your feet. Chu, there, in the distance, you suddenly hear a subtly calling horn. Sweet is the call of the copper herald to me! The sheets are dead to me! It seems that from afar you tenderly greet the poor wanderer.

A.A. Grigoriev was born on July 20, 1822 in Moscow, in the family of an official. In 1842 he graduated from the Faculty of Law of Moscow University, then went to St. Petersburg and entered the service, but soon left it and devoted himself to literary activity. poems and critical articles began to appear on the pages of St. Petersburg magazines in the second half of the 40s. The main theme of Grigoriev’s work is the conflict of a romantically inclined personality with the world of mercantilism and life prose.

No, I was not born to fight, nor to wait patiently in the hall, nor to eat at the princely table, nor to listen to nonsense with affection. No, I was not born to be a slave, Even in church at mass I feel bad, I repent of that, Listen to the august house. And what Marat felt, Sometimes I am able to understand, And if God himself were an aristocrat, I would proudly sing curses to Him... But on the cross, the crucified god was the son of the crowd and a demagogue.

A poet is a person with a creative soul, He is sick from his experiences, feelings, He is sick from his work, its beauty, which has not left the lips of generations. He conveys to us all his dreams, The whole picture of bygone times, He conveys to us heroes of excessive beauty. Heroes from changed names. And who would know how much the reader wants to find out the whole truth about the heroes of famous works. But we will not be able to contact the writer, and with sorrow we ask him for an apology. A poet is a person with a creative soul. Why did you die so early? I want you to talk to me. Alas, you died, leaving behind you quite a few of your works. You are a god, you are a king, you are a genius. You are a man with an amazing mind. You do not know conquests before the enemy. Just friends, fans, readers all around. Sleep well my poet. I will idolize you all my life. Everyone remembers you, there is no doubt, and I will never forget about you.

Slide 1

PRESENTATION of a literature lesson on the topic “Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century.” Completed by the teacher of Russian language and literature, Secondary School No. 5, Orenburg, NASYROVA E.S.

Slide 2

Russian literature of the second half of the 19th century. “THE GREAT CHAIN ​​HAS BROKEN...”

Slide 3

Historical situation. REFORMES of the 60-70s:
peasant reform of 1861 zemstvo reform of 1864 judicial reform of 1864 censorship reform of 1865 urban reform of 1870 military reforms of the 1860-70s. maritime reforms of the 1850-60s. financial reforms of the 1860s university reform of 1863 Conducted by the autocracy in the context of an aggravated social crisis. Contributed to the development of capitalism.

Slide 4

Historical situation. ECONOMIC CRISIS:
absolute decline in production underutilization of production capacity increase in unemployment disturbances in the monetary and monetary spheres

Slide 5

CRIMINAL WAR 1853-1856 (Eastern War)
The war of the Russian Empire against the coalition of Great Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia for dominance in the Black Sea and in the Black Sea Straits area. Russia's military and economic backwardness from the Western powers led to its defeat. Russia's losses in the Crimean War were 500,000 people.

Slide 6

CRIMEAN WAR

Slide 7

Historical situation. SOCIAL CURRENTS:
Main goal: debates about the paths of development of Russia.

Slide 8

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: WESTERNS
Supporters of the country's development along the Western European path. They criticized autocracy and serfdom. They put forward projects for the liberation of peasants with land. Main representatives: P. V. Annenkov, V. P. Botkin, T. N. Granovsky, K. D. Kavelin, M. N. Katkov, I. S. Turgenev, P. Ya. Chaadaev, B. N. Chicherin and others. Collaborated in the magazines “Otechestvennye zapiski”, “Sovremennik”, Russian Bulletin”.

Slide 9

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: SLAVOPHILES
They came out with a justification for a special, different from Western European, path of historical development of Russia, seeing its originality in the peasant community, Orthodoxy as the only true Christianity; They advocated the abolition of serfdom, the death penalty, and freedom of the press. Main representatives: I. S. and K. S. Aksakov, I. V. and P. V. Kireevsky, A. I. Koshelev, Yu. F. Samarin, A. S. Khomyakov, V. A. Cherkassky and others Close to the Slavophiles were V. I. Dal, A. N. Ostrovsky, A. A. Grigoriev, F. I. Tyutchev and others.

Slide 10

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: Populists
Populist ideology, which was a type of utopian socialism.

Slide 11

SOCIAL CURRENTS: SOIL PRACTICES
They preached the rapprochement of an educated society with the people (“soil”) on a religious and ethical basis. Collaborated in the magazines “Time” and “Epoch”.

Slide 12

SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: TOLSTOVTSI
Based on the teachings of L.N. Tolstoy, they preached “universal love”, non-resistance to evil through violence, religious and moral self-improvement as a means of transforming society.

Slide 13

Philosophy of Western Europe
SCHOPENGAUER Arthur is a German irrationalist philosopher. In the main work, “The World as Will and Idea,” the essence of the world and man appears as the unconscious “will to live.” “Liberation” from the world - through compassion, selfless aesthetic contemplation, asceticism - is achieved in a state close to Buddhist nirvana. NIETZSCHE (Nietzsche) Friedrich German philosopher, representative of the philosophy of life. In his works written in the genre of philosophical and artistic prose, he made an anarchic critique of culture. In the myth of the “superman”, Nietzsche combined the individualistic cult of a strong personality with the romantic ideal of the “man of the future.”

Slide 14

Second half of the 19th century: REALISM An objective reflection of the essential aspects of life combined with the height and truth of the author’s ideal; Reproduction of typical characters, conflicts, situations with the completeness of their artistic individualization (i.e., concretization of both national, historical, social signs, and physical, intellectual and spiritual characteristics); Predominant interest in the problem of “personality and society”.

Slide 15

Literary and artistic directions
End of the century: - crisis of the positivist worldview; -loss of faith in social progress; -interest in the subconscious; NATURALISM 1) the desire for an “objective” dispassionate reproduction of reality, likening artistic knowledge to scientific knowledge. 2) copying repulsive (often base) aspects of life, increased interest in physiological, mainly sexual, manifestations of human nature. IMPRESSIONISM The desire to most naturally and impartially capture the real world in its mobility and variability, to convey one’s fleeting impressions.

Political In Russia, literature has always been in alliance with the liberation movement. The helplessness of the oppressed and downtrodden peasant masses increased interest in them on the part of the most enlightened and humane representatives of the educated layer, awakening their sympathy and compassion. Inevitable clashes and ideological conflicts were hidden in the very essence of Russian life, and a writer who penetrated into this essence could not help but notice them. social cultural The main questions of the era Who is to blame? What to do? The protagonist of Russian literature - both realistic and romantic - is looking for a form of practical activity worthy of human purpose.

Main historical events of the 19th century 1812 – war with Napoleon 1821 – formation of the Northern and Southern Decembrist Society December 14, 1825 – uprising on Senate Square 1853 – 1856 – Crimean War, defeat of Russia February 19, 1861 – abolition of serfdom 1861 – reforms of Alexander II (zemstvo, city, judicial, military, etc.) .d.) 1877 – 1878 – Russian-Turkish War March 1, 1881 – assassination of Alexander II by populists

LiteratureLiterature I half of the 19th century.. Literature of the 1st half of the 19th century is distinguished by the extraordinary capacity and versatility of the artistic images it created. At this time, the foundations of Russian literary classics were laid. This literature is short, but promising in its further development of artistic formulas, containing powerful figurative energy, still compressed in them, not yet unfolded. It is no coincidence that many of them will become proverbs and become a fact of our everyday language. In the literature of this period, a large place is occupied by the problem of artistic form, brevity and accuracy of the linguistic design of the poetic image. Hence the genre universalism of Russian writers of the first half of the 19th century (Pushkin). The works are small in volume, but significant in terms of the figurative power that they contain.

I half of the 19th century - the golden age of Russian literature A. S. Pushkin N. V. Gogol K. N. Batyushkov A. N. Maikov A. A. Grigoriev E. A. Baratynsky P. A. Vyazemsky K. F. Ryleev A V. Koltsov I. A. Krylov V. A. Zhukovsky M. Yu. Lermontov The heyday of Russian poetry A. S. Griboyedov

ScienceScience The greatest successes have been achieved by Russian science, especially natural science. The works of professor-physiologist I.M. Sechenov gained worldwide fame. Doctors S.P. Botkin and N.I. Pirogov said a new word in medicine with their works. The works of great scientists left an indelible mark on the history of science: chemists N.N. Zinin and A.M. Butlerov, mathematician P.L. Chebyshev, travel explorers N.M. Przhevalsky and N.N. Miklouho-Maclay. In the 60s, the first women doctors and scientists began to appear. S. V. Kovalevskaya is a famous mathematician, professor at Stockholm University and others. In the 60s, such outstanding scientists as the later famous D.I. Mendeleev, I.I. Mechnikov, K.A. Timiryazev, I.P. Pavlov developed an interest in the natural sciences.

TheaterTheater I half of the 19th century Fonvizin “The Minor”; Griboedov “Woe from Wit”; Gogol “The Inspector General”, “Marriage”; Shakespeare, Molière Melodramas, vaudeville 60% A. N. Ostrovsky (1823 – 1886) – founder of the Russian national theater “Bankrupt”, “Don’t Get in Your Own Sleigh”, “Poverty is not a Vice”, “Thunderstorm”, “Wolves and Sheep” ", "Profitable place", "Dowry", "Snow Maiden" ... II half of the 19th century

MusicMusic M. I. Glinka (1804 – 1857) the founder of the classical Russian music school. His work influenced all Russian composers of the 19th century. Operas: “Ivan Susanin”, “Ruslan and Lyudmila”, “Symphony on two Russian themes”, overtures, romances, arias, songs. A. S. Dargomyzhsky (1813 - 1869) In 1835 he met Glinka, and this acquaintance played a decisive role in the fate of Dargomyzhsky. From that moment on, the composer devoted himself to creating operas and romances. Operas “Rusalka”, “Esmeralda”, opera-ballet “The Triumph of Bacchus”, “The Stone Guest”, plays for piano, romances and songs based on words by Pushkin, Lermontov, Koltsov. P.I. Tchaikovsky Operas “The Queen of Spades”, “Eugene Onegin”, “The Maid of Orleans”, “The Enchantress”, “Iolanta”, “Mazeppa”, “Cherevichki” Ballets “The Nutcracker”, “Sleeping Beauty”, “Swan Lake”, “Vespers” vigil", symphony 6, romances, etc.

“The Mighty Handful” M. A. Balakirev () organizer and inspirer of the “Mighty Handful”. Main works: “Cantata in Memory of Glinka”, 2 symphonies, overtures, suites, choral works, romances. M. P. Mussorgsky () A. P. Borodin () N. A. Rimsky-Korsakov () Graduated from the school of guard ensigns, since 1858 in the civil service, at the same time working on musical works. Main works: Operas: “Salammbo”, “Marriage”, “Boris Godunov”, “Khovanshchina”, “Sorochinskaya Fair”, works for orchestra, songs, romances, arrangements of Russian folk songs. He considered chemistry to be his profession. In 1877 he received the title of academician. Main works: operas: “Prince Igor”, “Bogatyrs”, opera-ballet “Mlada”, three symphonies, piano pieces, romances. Close connection with Russian folklore. He wrote his first symphony at the age of 19. He served in the navy and was engaged in creative activities. Main works: operas “Sadko”, “Snow Maiden”. "The Golden Cockerel", three symphonies, songs, choral and chamber works. All creativity is imbued with the “Russian spirit”. Ts. A. Cui () Military engineer. Main works: operas “Prisoner of the Caucasus”, “William Ratcliffe”, “Saracen”, “Feast in Time of Plague”, more than 300 romances.

PaintingPainting V. G. Perov () “Troika”, “The arrival of the chief for the investigation”, “Sermon in a rural church”, “Tea drinking in Mytishchi”, “Drowned woman”, “Seeing off the dead man”, “Bird catcher”, “The last tavern at the outpost ", "Old people - parents at the grave of their son" (Turgenev "Fathers and Sons"), psychological "A. N. Ostrovsky", "F. M. Dostoevsky" portraits. The main task is to make the situation clear, to convey your story to the viewer.

I. N. Kramskoy (1837 - 1887) “Forester”, “Unknown”, “Beekeeper”, “Mermaid”, “Christ in the Desert”, portraits of L. Tolstoy, N. Nekrasov, M. Saltykov-Shchedrin, I. Shishkin . “Art must tell the truth about life... art must be national... The artist is a critic of social phenomena... Only the feeling of society gives strength to the artist and increases his strength tenfold... Without an idea there is no art, but at the same time, and even moreover, without painting, there is no living and striking, there are no pictures, but only good intentions and nothing more!” In 1863, 14 rebels led by I. N. Kramskoy left the Academy of Arts and organized the “Artel of Free Artists,” which lasted until 1870, the “Association of Traveling Exhibitions.”

K. A. Savitsky () “Repair work on the railway”, “Meeting of the icon” V. I. Jacobi () “Halt of the prisoners” G. G. Myasoedov () “Healer”, “Zemstvo is having lunch”

V. E. Makovsky () “Visiting his son”, “On the Boulevard” N. V. Nevrev () “Bargaining. Scene from serf life" V.V. Pukirev () "Unequal marriage"

A. K. Savrasov (“The Rooks Have Arrived”, “Country Road”, “Winter Road”, “Courtyard. Winter”, “Elk Island in Sokolniki”, “Rural View”. N. N. Ge () Reformer of the historical genre, friend and follower of L. Tolstoy

I. E. Repin I. E. Repin () Repin revealed the contradictions of reality. In historical paintings he revealed tragic conflicts and created vivid freedom-loving images. In portraits of his contemporaries, he revealed personality in psychological and social terms.

V. D. Polenov (“Moscow courtyard”, “Overgrown pond”, “Grandmother’s garden”

Peredvizhniki artists 48 exhibitions over fifty-three years. This is the impressive result of the activities of the Association of Traveling Art Exhibitions - the most numerous, active and influential artistic organization in the history of Russian art. For many years - from 1870 to 1923 - it united the best creative forces of the country. The Peredvizhniki managed to introduce their art to a huge number of spectators. According to the established order, exhibitions began in the first week of Lent, at the end of February - beginning of March, in St. Petersburg, then by Easter the exhibition moved to Moscow, and from there it went on wanderings around Russia. Peredvizhniki artists: G.G. Myasoedov, K. A. Savitsky, V. D. Polenov, E. E. Volkov, V.I. Surikov, I.I. Shishkin, N. A. Yaroshenko, P. A. Bryullov, N. V. Nevrev, V. E. Makovsky, I. M. Pryanishnikov, N. E. Makovsky, I. E. Repin, I. N. Kramskoy and other Itinerant Artists truthfully reproduced reality; explained reality; pronounced judgment on reality; taught to live, think, fight. V. M. Maksimov Everything is in the past.

JournalismJournalism "Sovremennik" "Russian Word" "Kolokol" "Iskra" A magazine close to "Sovremennik" was founded in 1859. Pisarev's talented articles brought the magazine wide fame among democratic readers and the hatred of reactionaries. The magazine was closed in 1866. The newspaper began publishing on July 1, 1857, first once a month, then twice a month, and in other years - weekly. "The Bell" gained enormous influence, playing an exceptional role in the revolutionary history of Russia. A lot of different materials were sent to Herzen from all over the country, exposing the ulcers and ugliness of Russian life. The inspired articles of Herzen, who fought for the victory of the people over tsarism and called for revolution, powerfully captivated readers. Circulation – 2500 copies. It was published for ten years, during which time 245 issues of the newspaper were published. “Library for Reading” “Russian Messenger” Critic A. Druzhinin presented a program of “pure art”, not related to real life. The magazine was not successful among wide circles of society in the 60s. Katkov's magazine (published since 1856). It was the center of attraction for many liberal and conservative writers.

Sovremennik magazine Sovremennik magazine was created by Pushkin and began publishing in 1836. In 1838, Professor P. A. Pletnev, rector of St. Petersburg University, became its editor. In 1847, the magazine was rented by Panaev and Nekrasov, who managed to group around it all the best literary forces of that time: the critical department was led by Belinsky, Herzen, Ogarev, Turgenev, Grigorovich, Dostoevsky, L. Tolstoy, Fet and others collaborated in the magazine. The death of Belinsky and the rampant reaction lowered the public level of the magazine. But a new time was approaching, and soon Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov entered the editorial office of Sovremennik and made the magazine a revolutionary platform. At the same time, irreconcilable differences emerged among employees. The noble writers - Turgenev, Goncharov, Tolstoy, Grigorovich, Druzhinin, supporters of slow and gradual reforms, were alien to the “peasant democracy” of Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov, supporters of the peasant revolution. A split in the editorial board was becoming inevitable. The reason for it was written by Dobrolyubov in 1860. Article “When will the real day come?” (about Turgenev’s novel “On the Eve”). Turgenev left the magazine, even earlier Druzhinin, L. Tolstoy, Goncharov, Grigorovich, Fet and Maikov. But talented young people came. The magazine called for struggle and revolution. On June 15, 1862, Sovremennik was closed for eight months, and a week later, the ideological leader and inspirer of the magazine, N. G. Chernyshevsky, was arrested, imprisoned in the Peter and Paul Fortress, and then exiled to Siberia. Silence lasted for 8 months, but when the first (double) issue of the magazine appeared in 1863, the reading public was convinced that the magazine remained faithful to the traditions of Chernyshevsky and Dobrolyubov. In June 1866, Sovremennik was closed again, and this time forever.

Iskra magazine The Iskra magazine was founded in 1859 by the poet V.S. Kurochkin and artist N.A. Stepanov. Dobrolyubov willingly collaborated in Iskra; in turn, Kurochkin shared the views of Dobrolyubov, Saltykov - Shchedrin and Chernyshevsky. Iskra existed until 1873. The popularity of Iskra was especially great in the first half of the 60s, when its circulation reached an unprecedented figure for that time of ten thousand copies. Issues of the magazine were published at first weekly, and then even twice a week. There was no question that Iskra did not touch upon. All the major and sometimes minor outrages of Russian life at that time found an immediate response in her in poetry, feuilletons, parodies, and caricatures. Enemies hated Iskra and were afraid of it; it became a thunderstorm for everyone who had a bad conscience. To get into Iskra, to get into Iskra - the most common expressions in life in the 60s.

“The beautiful is life” Chernyshevsky “It was an amazing time,” wrote a contemporary, “a time when everyone wanted to think, read, study... The impulse was strong and the tasks were enormous... This tempting work attracted all... gifted and capable people and brought forward a lot publicists, writers, scientists, artists, musicians...” In the atmosphere of the 60s, three main social groups were clearly defined: conservatives, liberals, revolutionary democrats. The second half of the 19th century is a new period in the historical development of Russian fiction. Literature is becoming more and more social in its issues and much more democratic in its ideological orientation and forms. In it, the realistic principle of reflecting life is further developed and the main social conflicts of Russian reality are more actively and critically realized. The direction of critical realism is developing. The genre of social and everyday novels and stories appears, psychological in their depiction of the characters’ characters (L. Tolstoy, Turgenev, Dostoevsky), the problem novel, the genre of artistic essays and entire cycles of essays (Nekrasov, Turgenev, G. Uspensky), political novels on issues and conflicts (Chernyshevsky, Sleptsov).

Social movements Slavophiles are supporters of the original Russian path. They opposed both serfdom and the forms of Western European parliamentary democracy, and advocated for the restoration of the former old Russian foundations. (S. Aksakov) Westerners are supporters of the European path of development of Russia. Two camps: revolutionary-democratic (N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov, D.I. Pisarev) and liberal (A. Kraevsky, A. Druzhinin, M. Katkov)

Social and literary movements Revolutionary-democratic N.A. Dobrolyubov M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin N.A. Nekrasov “Civil” literature” Literature is a direct reproduction of reality. journalism; documentary; new hero.

Literature of the second half of the 19th century, continuing the traditions laid by A.S. Pushkin and N.V. Gogol, is distinguished by its originality and refusal to imitate; the presence of opposing currents, closely related to the current historical situation. Features of the literature of the new period: