R: Yes, they have a common ending.

T: They have a common suffix. What is the rest of the word?

R: The basis.

T: Do you know the basics of these words?

T: Can you translate the words now?

R: No. We don't know what part of speech it is.

T: It's a noun.

Students unsuccessfully try to translate words like this: pen, hands, spoon. The teacher rejects these attempts.

T: Words with the -ful suffix have a meaning - what is expressed by the stem is full of something, and the suffix has the full meaning. After that, the students correctly convey the meanings of words in Russian: a full handful, a full spoon, a full cup, etc.

T: So, what do you need to know to understand words?

R.: Meaning of the suffix, model and part of speech of the derivative.

The teacher asks to name the part of speech of the basis and together with the students writes down the model. Then all the words are read aloud. When writing a model, the bases are presented in a generalized form, and suffixes - specifically, for example, n + -less. In such a derivative formula, the cipher of parts of speech is perceived as x or y, denoting that any familiar word of the required part of speech can be put instead (with an invariant suffix). The teacher explains the cipher of the parts of speech once and writes it down on the board: v - verb, n - noun, etc. (It is proposed to use lowercase letters of the Latin alphabet to write the model.) To quickly memorize the designations of the parts of speech, we suggest that students encrypt derivative words, written on the board. Schoolchildren are encouraged to draw a table of English word formation on special cards or on the last page of vocabulary notebooks (when they appear). It is filled gradually, as the material is studied. The table for suffix derivatives can be represented as follows:

Training of students in the use of derivative words is carried out at the level of a word, phrase and at the level of a sentence. For a variety of training methods, you can use game exercises.

/. Word level training

The game "20 cards" contributes to the quick memorization of the model. (This name is arbitrary, since there may be more or less cards.)

The purpose of the game is to consolidate actions for the semantization of a derivative word, their automation. Two cards are prepared in advance. On some derivative words with the studied suffix are written, on others - their definitions in English. The teacher keeps cards with derivative words, students receive cards with definitions. The teacher (or facilitator) pronounces a derivative word and shows the corresponding card. The student's task is to find a definition for it. The game develops not only the skill of correlating a derived word with a generating base, but also the skill of quickly recognizing the desired word among several. The game uses only motivated (derived from lexical units known to students) words and, moreover, those that can be semantized in a unified way. Words with -er suffix: cleaner, (one who cleans), giver, helper, player, defender, skater, skier, winner, dancer, driver, writer, singer, etc.

Derivatives with this suffix can be translated into Russian by the present participle (cleaning, giving, etc.). In those cases where a more accurate Russian equivalent is possible, you need to ensure that it is found: helper - goth, who helps - helping - assistant.

Words with the -less suffix: noseless (having no nose, without a nose), nameless, hairless, fatherless, childless, homeless, colourless, endless, hopeless, timeless, numberless, priceless, changeless, helpless, loveless, friendless, etc. .

All adjectives with this suffix can be translated into Russian as a noun with the preposition without. Where it is possible, there is a more accurate Russian equivalent (adjective): noseless - without a nose - noseless.

Words with the -1y suffix: badly (in a bad manner), easily, shortly, gladly, nicely, openly, happily, warmly, fully, correctly, highly, etc.

Words with the suffix -y, meaning: covered with or full of what is expressed by the stem: dusty (covered with dust, full of dust), snowy, sunny, stony, hairy, soapy, grassy, ​​etc.

Another game is proposed: whose team will form more derivatives with the proposed suffix and give their Russian equivalents. Handouts are being prepared for the game: cards with word-forming bases and a model of actions. Students can also find word-forming bases in the dictionary of the textbook. Because they have the model written down, they know what part of speech to look for. At the same time, an accompanying task is solved: the ability to use a dictionary is formed.

2. Practice at the word combination level

For a better memorization of some word-formation patterns, it is useful for students to know in what combinations a particular word can function in speech. A similar training can also be organized in the form of a competition: whose team will come up with more combinations. For example, when working with the n + -less model, the teacher

asking questions:

What can be windless (colourless)?

Who can be homeless (friendless, childless, hairless)?

The students named the following combinations: (a) windless day (weather, autumn, month, August); (a) colorless tie (shirt, shirt, clothes, face, walls); (a) homeless boy (man, cat, dog, people, children). And so on. Similar work is being done with other suffix formations.

3. Training at the sentence level

At this stage of training, students learn to see how the derivative is included in speech. The main thing in determining the meaning here remains intra-word supports. Most of these exercises are done in pairs, called the student-teacher game. The exercise is divided into two parts, each of them is recorded on a separate card, equipped with its own index (A or B) and a key. The key to card A is on card B and vice versa. Pairs for the game include students of different levels of preparedness. Pupils work independently, the teacher carries out selective control. One student is the teacher, the other is the student. The teacher monitors the correctness of the actions of the student who is the first to complete his part of the exercise, after which the students change roles. Since the task for the guys in the pair is the same, it is written either on card A, or the teacher reports it orally.

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Possible difficulties	good advice
You can make a mistake by highlighting the required part of the word, for example: ball, cucumber (Suffix -chik- or -ik-?).	First, find out from which root word this word is formed, then determine with what suffix (prefix) it is formed, for example: ball + -ik- → ball. In this case, it is necessary to take into account possible alternations in the root and the presence of fluent vowels, for example: cucumber + -ik- → cucumber (alternation of c//h, fluent vowel e).
It can be difficult to determine the meaning of a prefix or suffix, for example: sew (What is the meaning of the prefix pre-?).	Establish from which root word this word is formed, then try to determine what has changed in the meaning of the derived word compared to the original one, for example: sew + attach- → sew (attachment).
You can confuse words with a zero ending and words in which there is no ending, for example: did - doing.	Pay attention to the part of speech to which the given word belongs, and to whether it is inflected. Remember that invariable words: adverbs, words of the state category, gerunds, indeclinable nouns, non-derivative and derivative prepositions, conjunctions, particles, interjections, - as well as adjectives in the form of a comparative degree, do not have endings, for example: empty, coffee, due to, but , exactly, ah, lighter, making - no ending; did - the end is zero.
You can make a mistake in determining the composition of the word, especially when you have a participle or gerund in front of you, because they often contain two suffixes, for example: frightened, said, twisted, covering, thinking.	The real past participle usually has two suffixes. In the word frightened after the root there is a verbal suffix -a- (from the verb fright-a-t). It is followed by the suffix of the real past participles -vsh-. Passive past participles are formed using suffixes -enn-, -nn- And -T-. If the passive past participle is formed using the suffix -nn-, the indefinite form of which ends in -AT \ -YAT, two suffixes are distinguished in the participle. For example, in the word said after the root there is a verbal suffix -а- (from the verb say-а-т), and it is followed by the suffix of passive past participles -nn-. In passive past participles formed with the suffix -T- there are also two suffixes: the suffix of the stem of the verb and -T-(For example: split). In passive past participles formed from other verbs using the suffix -enn, usually one suffix is ​​present. For example, in the word twisted-enn-y, the root is followed by the suffix of the passive past participles -enn-. In participles, there can be either one or two suffixes. For example, in the word covering after the root there is a verbal suffix -а-, followed by a gerundial suffix -я-. In the word having conceived, after the root there is a verbal suffix -a-, followed by a gerund participle suffix -v-. In gerunds loving, looking, screaming, being, hating, dragging, holding, reading, baking etc. there is only one suffix.

stem and ending

In all declined and conjugated words of the Russian language, two parts can be distinguished - the stem and the ending.

The stem is the part of the word that does not change in it during declension and conjugation.

The ending is the part of the word that changes during declension and conjugation.

(i.p., singular), (r.p., singular), (d.p., singular).

(m.s., s.ch., s.p.), (m.s., s.ch., s.p.), (m.s., s.ch., s.p.) .

(1 sheet, singular, present time), (2 sheet, singular, present time), (3 sheet, singular, present time).

The stem of a word contains its lexical meaning. The ending of the word serves to connect with other words in the sentence and contains the grammatical meaning of the word (i.e., the ending will tell you what part of speech the word belongs to, what kind it is, in what number and case it is, what grammatical person it expresses, in what time it is ).

For example, in the sentence Syapaet Kalusha on a fluff (according to L.S. Petrushevskaya), the endings of words will tell us their grammatical meanings:

syapa-et (verb, stands in present tense, in singular, in 3 lit.),

kalush-a (n. f. r., stands in i. p., singular),

on the fur (noun. f. r., stands in the dative p., singular).

At the same time, the lexical meanings of these words will remain unclear to the reader, since he will not find a single familiar stem in them.

More about word endings

In inflected and conjugated words, the ending can be zero. The zero ending has no sound expression, but retains the grammatical meaning of the word.

Five tasks - - zero ending indicates that we have a noun. pl. h., in r. P.

The wind is fresh - the zero ending indicates that we have a multiple in front of us. adj. in m.r., in units h.

Zero ending is distinguished by:

Nouns in the form m.r., and. p., units hours:

House House- ; frost- - ine-;

Some nouns in the form p. p., pl. hours:

mountains- - mountains-;

For short adjectives in the form of m. hours:

beautiful- - beautiful-;

Verbs imperative mood in the shape of 2 l., unit hours:

write write- ;

For past tense verbs in the form of m. hours:

sang- - sang-, beat- -sya - beat- -s;

For possessive adjectives with suffix -th in the shape of m. r., sg., i. P.:

Not all Russian words have endings. There are no endings in invariable words:

(looked) intently - adverbs have no endings, the word consists only of the stem;

(did) in his own way - adverbs have no endings, the word consists only of the stem;

(to the right of) highway - indeclinable nouns have no endings, the word consists only of the stem;

(blurred) due to (rains) - prepositions do not change, therefore there is no ending in the word due to, it consists of one stem;

waving (hands) - gerunds have no endings.

More about the word base

The stem of a word can be divided into parts. An obligatory part of the basis of any word is the root. In addition to the root, prefixes and suffixes can also be included in the stem.

Shoulder-o - in this word, the base consists only of the root -shoulder-.

Shoulder-o - in this word, the base consists of the root -shoulder- and the suffix -ik-.

Shoulder-th - in this word, the base consists of the root -shoulder-, the prefix for- and the suffix -n-.

The stem may include several prefixes and several suffixes.

Unjudicial - in this word, the stem includes two prefixes: non- and under-.

Prisoners-a - in this word, the stem includes two suffixes: -n- and -its-.

A base can include multiple roots.

Windproof (suit) - in this word, the base contains two roots: -wind- and -protection-.

Ivangorod - in this word, the base contains two roots: -ivan- and -city-.

Compound words can be based on connecting vowels -o-, -e-, -i-.

Copper-red - in this word, the stem contains the connecting vowel -o-.

Bulletproof - in this word, the stem contains the connecting vowel -e-.

Ten-tone - in this word, the stem contains the connecting vowel -and-.

Parts of the stem: root, prefix, suffix, connecting vowels

An obligatory part of the basis of any word is the root. In addition to the root, prefixes and suffixes can also be included in the stem. Parts of the stem of a compound word can be connected by connecting vowels.

The root is the main significant part of the stem, it contains the common lexical meaning of all words with the same root (single-root, or related). To find the root of a word, you need to find related words for this word.

Seeker, seek, search, search - the root is -isk-.

Sweet, delight, sweetness - root -sweet-.

In Russian, the same root in different related words can greatly change its appearance, without changing, however, its meaning.

Compare related words: nail, beating, heel. All these words have the same root, which in one case looks like -bi-, in another like -b[y "]-, in the third like -boy-. At the same time, the meaning of the root, associated with the idea of ​​​​a sharp strong movement, is preserved in all given words.

In Russian, it is not uncommon for different roots to coincide in sound, while differing in meaning. Words with such roots cannot be considered related.

In the list of words lead, water, conclusion, submariner, conductor, water, some words contain the root -water- associated with the concept of lead, others - the root -water- associated with the concept of water.

Words in Russian can have several roots. Such words are called compound.

Evergreen (plant) - this word has two roots: -ever- and -green-.

Sofa bed - this word has two roots: -sofa- and -bed-.

Prefixes and suffixes are significant parts of the stem. The prefix is ​​the part of the word that comes before the root, the suffix is ​​the part of the word that comes after the root. Prefixes and suffixes have meanings that complement the meaning of the root in the stem and finally form the lexical meaning of the word. Prefixes and suffixes are used to form new words.

Let's compare the related words run, run and run away. They have different lexical meanings, although all are associated with the same meaning of running - fast walking. The prefix adds to the content of the root -bezh- an additional meaning of completeness and completeness of the action. The prefix from- is the value of the distance from the reference point.

Let's compare the related words hand, hand-isch-a and hand-onk-a. They have different lexical meanings, although all are associated with the same meaning of the root - the upper limb of a person. The suffix -isch- adds to the content of the root -ru(k/h) - an additional meaning of the large size and impressive appearance of the object. The suffix -onk- means small size and corresponding appearance.

A word can have several prefixes and suffixes at the same time.

Without-u-holding - there are two prefixes in this word.

Rasse-ya-nn-ost - there are three suffixes in this word.

Usually suffixes in inflected and conjugated words come before the ending. Only the suffix -sya (-s) in verbs and participles is not before the ending, but after it.

Rejoice-eat-sya.

Pleased-eh.

Thinking.

Parts of compound words can be connected by connecting vowels -o-, -e-, -i-. These vowels form the basis of a compound word.

Tall-o-tall.

Kar-e-eyed.

Sound alternations and fluent vowels at the root of a word

When declining and conjugating words in their stems, alternations of sounds can occur and fluent vowels appear.

Alternation is the replacement of some sounds by others in the same part of the word. Vowels alternate with vowels, consonants with consonants. In Russian, the alternation of sounds at the base of a word is a very common phenomenon. The following are examples of typical warp alternations.

Alternating sounds	Interleaved examples
	Girlfriend - make friends - friends
	click - call - shout
d // w // railway	Walkers - walk - walking
	shine - candle - illuminate
sk // st // u	Shine - shine - shine
	Air - air
	Ties - I'll tie
	Writing - write
	Love - love
	Firebox - I heat
	Sandman - doze off
	Catch - catch
	Count - I will draw
	Infusion - to insist
	Climb - climb

Fluent vowels are called vowels O and E, which can appear in any part of the word and fall out of it (we can say that these vowels alternate with zero sound).

Fluent vowels can appear in all parts of the stem: in the root, in the suffix, in the prefix.

Angle - (in) corner-y. (A fluent vowel O appears and drops out at the root.)

Stump - (on) mon-e. (A fluent vowel E appears and drops out in the root.)

With-drive - with-drive. (A runaway vowel O appears and drops out in the prefix.)

Good-ok - good-to-a. (A fluent vowel O appears and drops out in the suffix.)

Young-ts - young-ts-a. (A fluent vowel E appears and drops out in the suffix.)

Sign in - sign in. (A runaway vowel O appears and drops out in the prefix.)

Determination of the composition of the word

1. In order to correctly determine the composition of a word, it is necessary to find out from which word and with what help this word originated.

First of all, such an analysis is necessary in order to correctly determine the composition of suffixes. Let's turn to examples.

Task: determine the composition of the words physical and spherical.

Reasoning pattern: in the adjective physical, it is easy to single out the ending -y. The word is formed from the noun physicist with the help of the suffix -esk- (a variant of the suffix -sk-). The root in this word is -physicist- (it cannot be considered here as the root -physical- based on words like physical education: in such words we are dealing with an abbreviated root). Consequently, the word physical consists of the root -physical-, the suffix -esk- and the ending -ij. It would seem that the word spherical should have a similar composition, but this is not so. In the adjective spherical, it is easy to distinguish the ending -ij. It is formed from the noun sphere with the suffix -ichesk-. The root in this word is spheres. So, the word spherical consists of the root -sphers-, the suffix -ichesk- and the ending -iy.

Task: are the suffixes in the words singing and meaning the same?

Sample reasoning: at first glance, both words have the same composition. However, it is not. The noun singing is formed from the verb ne-t with the help of the suffix -ni(y)-. This way of word formation is very common in the Russian language (cf. The noun meaning is formed from the verb meaning-i-t with the help of the suffix -eni- when the verbal suffix -i- is truncated ( meaning). Therefore, these words have different suffixes.

The same analysis is necessary in order not to confuse suffixes and endings.

Task: determine the composition of the words mouse and dog.

Sample reasoning: we have two adjectives. At first glance, they have a similar composition. However, it is not. The adjective mouse is formed from the noun mouse with the suffix -in-. In this word, the ending is -y. The adjective canine is formed from the word dog with the help of the suffix -y (a special suffix for possessive adjectives). This word has a zero ending (cf .: dog-, dog-[th ’] -him, dog-[th’]-him).

2. In order to correctly determine the composition of a word, in addition to knowledge from the field of word formation, it is necessary to have knowledge of morphology. First of all, it is necessary to determine what part of speech the word is, and find out whether it will be changed (inflected, conjugated), or not. Already at this stage, an error can lead to an incorrect parsing result. Let's turn to examples.

Task: determine the composition of the word clearly in the sentence The case was clear to everyone.

Reasoning pattern: we define the part of speech - we have before us not an adverb, but a short adjective (the point is clear, the question is clear, the goal is clear). Therefore, in this word there is no adverbial suffix -o, but there is an ending of the middle gender singular -o. So, a short adjective clearly consists of the root -clear- and the ending -o.

Task: determine the composition of the word in the old way.

Sample reasoning: we define the part of speech - this is an adverb. Therefore, firstly, this word has no ending (adverbs are unchangeable words), and secondly, here it is a prefix, not a preposition. Thus, the adverb in the old way consists of the prefix po-, the root -star- and the suffix -om.

Task: determine the composition of the word running out.

Sample reasoning: we define the part of speech - this is a gerund. Therefore, this word has no ending (germs are unchangeable words), but there is a special gerund suffix -ya-. In addition, since gerunds are formed from verbal stems, this word must also contain a verbal suffix (in this case, the suffix -a-). The root in a word can be determined by selecting words with the same root. In this case, the root in the word is -run- (cf .: run-run, y-run, run-run, etc.). So, the word running out consists of the prefix you-, the root -beg-, the verbal suffix -a- and the adverbial suffix -ya-.

Task: determine the composition of the word stronger in the sentence He is stronger than me.

Sample reasoning: we define the part of speech - we have an adjective in the form of a simple comparative degree. It is known that such adjectives do not change and have no endings (he is stronger, they are stronger, she is stronger). But they have special comparative degree suffixes (in this case, the suffix -ee-). The root in this word is -sil-, the adjective suffix -n- is attached to it. So, the adjective in the comparative degree stronger consists of the root -sil-, the adjective suffix -n- and the comparative suffix -ee.

Particular attention should be paid to the analysis of verbs. The composition of the verb can be quite complex. Let's turn to examples.

Task: determine the composition of the word shouted.

Sample reasoning: we define the part of speech - this is a verb in the past tense. Verbs change, therefore, they must have endings (in this case, the ending will be zero - cf .: screamed-a, screamed-i). Verbs in the past tense have a special past tense suffix -l-. This suffix is ​​usually preceded by a verbal suffix (in this case, the suffix -a-). In this word, it is easy to determine the prefix and the root (for- and -krich-, respectively). So, the verb in the past tense screamed consists of the prefix for-, the root -krich-, the verbal suffix -a-, the past tense suffix -l- and the zero ending.

Task: determine the composition of the word come up.

Sample reasoning: we define the part of speech - this is a verb in the imperative mood. In the imperative mood, verbs have a special suffix -and-, after which in the plural comes the ending -te. In our word, the root will be -id- (cf .: go away, come in), and the prefix -podo- (this is a variant of the prefix pod- with a fluent vowel -o-). So, the verb in the imperative mood come up consists of the prefix sub-, the root -id-, the imperative suffix -i- and the ending -te.

Their difficulties arise in determining the composition of participles and participles. They include verb stems and special suffixes of participles and gerunds.

Task: determine the composition of the word frightened.

Sample reasoning: define part of speech - participle. Before us is the actual participle of the past tense. Participles are inflected words, they have endings (in this case, the ending -y). It is also easy to determine the special suffix -sya after the endings of verbs and participles. In the word frightened, there is a special suffix of the real participles of the past tense -vsh-. It is preceded by the verbal suffix -a- (from the verb fright-a-tsya). In a word, it is easy to distinguish the root and the prefix (-pug- and is-). So, the real past participle frightened consists of the prefix is-, the root -pug-, the verbal suffix -а-, the suffix of the real past participles -vsh-, the ending -й and the special suffix -sya.

Task: determine the composition of the word twisted (bolt).

Sample reasoning: we define the part of speech - this is participle. Before us is the passive participle of the past tense. Participles are inflected words, they have endings (in this case, the ending -th). In the word twisted, there is a special suffix of the passive participles of the past tense (in this case -enn-). It should be noted that passive past participles formed from verbs ending in -it do not retain the verbal suffix -i-. In a word, it is easy to distinguish the root and the prefix (-cool- and for-). So, the passive past participle twisted consists of the prefix for-, the root -kruch-, the suffix of the passive past participles -enn- and the ending -y.

Task: determine the composition of the word trying.

Sample reasoning: we define the part of speech - this is an imperfect participle. The participles do not change, so they have no endings. Imperfect gerunds have a special suffix -i-. In the word trying, this suffix is ​​followed by the suffix -sya (a variant of the suffix -sya). In gerunds, the verbal suffix is ​​preserved (in this case -a-). It is easy to determine the root -pyt-. So, the imperfective gerund trying trying consists of the root -pyt-, the verbal suffix -a-, the suffix of the imperfective participles -ya- and the suffix -s.

Suffix -T-< и.-е. * t

Suffix - T- < и.-е. * tforms verbal adjectives, some of which have become passive participles: sew < * sjy - t ŭ, covered, beat, wash, dig. Adjectives seem to be formed in the same way part, thick, fierce, full, holy, fat, zhlt and nouns hammer, bridge, pier, shield, chisel, life, puto, place, gold, summer, mouth, gate, sieve, washed, vyrsta, bride, heel, waste, memory, death, revenge, flattery, fall, path, passion, message, envy, pasture and etc.

With the help of this suffix, denominative adjectives with the meaning of possession are also formed: Greek. κοντωτός ‘provided with a hook’ (κοντός ‘horse’), καρυωτύς ‘nut-shaped’ (κάρυον "nut"); lat. scenes t us‘criminal’ ( scelus'crime'), onus t us‘loaded’ ( onus'cargo'), barbatus‘bearded’ ( barba'beard').

Same suffix *tforms the form from the stems of the verb supina. Supin inherited from Indo-European proto-language; it was a name formed from a verb stem with the suffix *t > T , cf. lat. dele-t-um'to destroy'. This name was inclined according to the type of bases on *ŭ, however, even in the pre-literate era, it lost inflection, since of all case forms one form of the accusative case remained in use (therefore, we can say that supin is a frozen form of the accusative case of the verbal name). This happened due to the fact that this name was used exclusively in the position of a direct object with verbs of movement to indicate the purpose of the movement; supin required an object in the genitive case: vshed see host; came see coffin (Mar.); go fish catch(Zogr.); sent and wash Xia (Syn. tr.). Already in the later Old Slavonic texts, supin began to be replaced by the infinitive: go prepare place. Supin as a verb form was in different time lost by all Slavic languages(in Serbian - back in the pre-literate era, in Russian - by the 14th century, in Czech - by the 16th century), preserved only in the Slovene and Lower Lusatian languages.

The same suffix * t forms the form of the infinitive from the stems of the verb. Infinitive - Proto-Slavic neoplasm; once it was a name formed from the verbal stem, which is now called the infinitive, using the suffix * t; this name, unlike supin, was inclined according to the type of stems to * ĭ . Subsequently, even in the pre-literate era, it lost its change, because of all the case forms, one form of the dative case remained in use (therefore, we can say that the infinitive is a frozen form of the dative case by origin). This happened due to the fact that this name was used exclusively in the syntactic position of an indirect object with a verb or noun in the dative case. Having lost inflection, the infinitive ceased to be a name and passed into the verb system, having received in it the meaning of an indefinite mood, that is, the form of the verb in abstraction from its conjugation. As a result, it can be used in a variety of syntactic functions: part of a compound verbal predicate, object, definition, subject. The nominal origin of the infinitive explains the homonymy of forms: words flow, furnace, become, know, fall, be able are both nouns and infinitives. In the history of the Russian language, an unstressed suffix ty > ty; in this case, oscillation is observed at the place of stress: bring - bring, bloom - bloom, reduce - bring. Allomorph chi, -chi arose from combinations *kti, *gti: *pekti > stoves > stove, *mogti > urine > be able, *volkti > drag > drag, drag. There are few such words: protect, burn, harness, lie down, doom, neglect, flog, guard, shear, flow, crush. Thus, h' combines the last sound of the root and the first sound of the suffix: kt or gt.

1. -inskiy:
1. if from the corresponding nouns the possessive adjective on -in, For example: sister(sister - sisters), Mariinsky(Maria - Mariin), Anninsky(Anna - Annin) Savvinsky(Savva - Savvin);
2. if they are formed from geographical names (inflected and indeclinable) ending in -And (-s ) , For example: gryazinsky(Mud), Mytishchi(Mytishchi), Khimki(Khimki), Sochi(Sochi), topkinsky(Fireboxes), Talsi(Tulsa);
3. if they are formed from geographical names ending in -A (-I) , For example: zhizdrinsky(Zhizdra), Yalta(Yalta), Okhtinsky(Ohta), Rongin(Ronga), balashikha(Balashikha), elninsky(Yelnya).

Note. Some adjectives derived from nouns in -A (-I) , in accordance with a well-established tradition, retain spelling with -ensky, For example: Presnensky(Presnya), Penza(Penza).

2. Adjectives ending in -ensky, if they belong to other derivational types, for example: Grozny(Grozny), gorodishchensky(Fortification), Zarechensky(District), frunze(Frunze), Kolomna(Kolomna), Pesochensky(Sandbox), Gorshechenskiy(Potty). (In recent three examples adjectives contain fluent e and suffix -sk -) .

§ thirty. In adjectives on -whose formed from nouns on -shka, before h spelled e in an unstressed position, for example: old lady, cuckoo, feline, frog, turkey, But known and education on -achy with the striker A, For example: feline, frog, turkey.

§ 33.In verbs ending in the indefinite form in -vat, is necessary for the correct spelling of an unstressed vowel before V distinguish between the following types:

1. verbs ending in the 1st person singular in th (-yuyu) , and in indefinite form -ovate (-evate) , For example: talking - talk, I'm in charge - manage, grieving - grieve;
2. verbs ending in the 1st person singular with unstressed -I am, -Ivayu, and in indefinite form into unstrikeable -yvat, - ive, For example: deploy - deploy, twist - twist;
3. verbs ending in the 1st person singular with the stressed -vayu, and in indefinite form on the strike -vat; in these verbs before V the same vowel is written as in the indefinite form of the corresponding verbs without a suffix -va-(i.e. just before -th), For example: overcome - overcome(overcome) I drink - wash down(drink) freeze - freeze(freeze). This includes verbs ending in the 1st person with -Yu(without -va-): catch - I find(stay), get -I get(get it).

Also, keep in mind the following verbs ending in -eve - -evayu(with emphasis on -va):

• outshine - outshine ,
• stuck - get stuck ,
• intend - mean ,
• overwhelms - overwhelm ,
• prolong - prolong ,
• I corrupt - corrupt ,
• I exhort - exhort .

§ 35. In verbs that mean a change in a state, it is written -net, For example: freeze, ossify, stiffen, go berserk, be dumbfounded, numb; transitive verbs of this type end respectively in -enit, For example: chill, bloody and etc.

§ 36. should be distinguished intransitive verbs with stem on -e, For example: to weaken, exhausted(become powerless, lose power) get sick of, I'll be disgusted(to become shameful) get well, get well(become healthy) from their respective transitive verbs with stem on -And , For example: enervate, exhausted(make someone powerless, deprive someone of power) let loose, weaken.

About the rules of §§4-6:

“The presence of these rules is a forced necessity caused by special position hissing and c in the phoneme system of the Russian language (their unpairedness in softness-hardness). The syllabic principle of Russian graphics is unable to dictate the spelling here yo or O.»

V. F. Ivanova. Difficult spelling questions: A guide for teachers. - M.: Enlightenment, 1982.

1. In the endings of nouns and adjectives, for example: shoulder, knife, hut, shoulder, Fomich, cloak, boundary, rein, soul, candle, sling, alien, large.
2. In suffixes:
1. a) nouns:

• -OK, For example: horn, cockerel, hook, borscht;
• -onok, For example: teddy bear, mouse, galchonok, barrel;
• -onk -a, For example: little book, shirt, little hand; Also money;

b) adjectives:

• -ov -, For example: hedgehog, penny, brocade, canvas;
• -He(with a fluent O), For example: ridiculous;

c) adverbs, for example: freshly, hot, general.

In genitive plural nouns on -OK, -He, For example: intestines, princesses.

In words (and in derivatives from them): glutton, gooseberry, pulp, ratchet, slum, thicket, clink glasses, prim, Pechora, the seam, rustle, blinders, in nouns: heartburn, burn, arson(cf. writing with -er in the past tense of verbs: burned, burned, set on fire); also in some regional and colloquial words, for example: click, congestion(And congestion), zhokh, already(meaning "then", "after"), evening(meaning "last night") choh(for example, in the expression “does not believe in a dream or in a choh”), adverb chohom.

Note. Foreign words are written according to pronunciation, for example: hood, major, ramrod - ramrod, Chaucer(surname), but: gesture, tablet.

B. In all other cases after and, h, w, sch letter is written under stress yo , although pronounced O, namely:

1. In verb endings -you eat, -et, -eat, -youte, For example: lying, lies etc., you bake, bakes etc.
2. In the verb suffix -yovyva -, For example: obscure, migrate, Also shading, migration.
3. In the suffix of verbal nouns -yovk -,
   For example: migration, demarcation.
4. In noun suffix -er -, For example: conductor, retoucher, trainee, boyfriend.
5. In the suffix of the passive participles -yonn - (-yeon-) and in words formed from such participles, for example: tense, tense, tension, tensely; detached, detachment; softened, softness; simplified, simplicity; scientist, scholarship; crushed; burnt, zhzhenka.
6. In words in the root of which the accent is pronounced O, alternating with e in other forms or in other words of the same root, for example: yellow(turn yellow) hard(harsh) millstone(millstone), acorn(acorns), perch(poles); cheap, cheap(cheaper) silk(silky), wool(woolen), lattice, lattice(sieve), purse(wallet), whisper(whisper); canoe(shuttle), bang(brow) crap(devils) black(black), even(odd) tap dance(chechet), report, check(subtract, subtract) dash(dash) liver(liver), twine(twine); brush(bristle), click(click), slap in the face, cheeks(cheek); in the roots of verb forms: burned, set fire to, burnt, set fire to(burn, burn) walked(walking) chew(chew).
7. In the prepositional case of the pronoun What: about what, on what, as well as in words and, at all.

Note. The rules of §4, like all others, do not apply to surnames: they are written in accordance with spellings in official personal documents.

Section 60.Double n and double With written with a combination of root and suffixif the root ends and the suffix begins with a consonant n or With :

• with suffix -n-, For example: long(length), old(old man) stone(stone), domain(blast furnace), law(law), temporary(base of times-);
• with suffix -sk -, For example: Kotlas(Kotlas), Arzamas(Arzamas), Russian(Rus), but: Tartu(Tartu), Hankow(Hankou);
• with suffix -stv -: art(cf. skillful).

Double With also written in past tense verbs combination of bases on -With with return particle -sya , For example: escaped, rushed.

Note. Double n written in numeral eleven.

§ 39.Masculine nouns with suffixes -ear -, -yushk -, -ishk -, -yshk - denoting animate objects, as well as all nouns female with the same suffixes end in the nominative singular in -A, For example: grandfather, father, boy, old man, little man, nightingale, nanny, pen.

Masculine nouns denoting inanimate objects, as well as all neuter nouns, have in the nominative singular after these suffixes the ending -O, For example: bread, courtyard, feather, coat.

At the end nominative case singular animate masculine nouns after suffixes -To - And -l- spelled -A- , For example: reveler, sang, big man, ate; colloquial proper names like Gavrila, Kirila, Michael(used along with Gabriel, Cyril, Michael).

The exception is Old Russian and Ukrainian names and surnames in -ko, For example: Michalko, Shevchenko, as well as ancient and regional proper names in -lo, For example: Yarilo, Mikhailo Lomonosov.

§ 54.To know when to write sch, and in what shh, or zhch, or mid, or zch, or stch, or zdch, you need to understand the composition of the word.

Is written sch in cases where it refers entirely either only to the root, or only to the suffix, for example: brush, pike, forgive, looking, waxed, plank; split(cf. splurge), flatter(cf. flat), drover(cf. drive); woman(cf. wife).

Is written mid at the junction of the prefix and the root, when With refers to the prefix, and h to the root, for example: count, dishonest, exhaust, too much.

Is written shh, zhch, mid, zch, stch or zdch:

1. at the junction of root and suffix, if the suffix starts with h and this sound is preceded by consonants w, and, With, h, st, zd, root, for example: defector(cf. run across), carrier(cf. transport), peddler(cf. spread), ranger(cf. to travel around);
2. in stems ending in combinations shk, lcd, ck, zk, stk or zdk, if when replacing a suffix instead of To in these combinations sound appears h, for example: sharper (sharp), biting (biting), freckled (freckles).

Note. In words happiness, sandy spelled mid.

"In the roots spelled And e... Exceptions: combine, combination.»

§ 14.alternation And And e found in the following verbs:

• burn - burn, burn out - burn out and so on.;
• spread - bed, spread out - spread out and so on.;
• rend - tear apart, scoot - get away and so on.;
• unlock - unlock, lock - lock up and so on.;
• wash - erase, rub - grind and so on.;
• die - die, die - die, freeze - freeze and so on.;
• elect - I will choose, clean up - I'll clean up and so on.;
• subtract - subtract, read - read and so on.;
sit - sit down,
• and shine - shine.

"In the roots ber - - bir -, der - - dir -, mer - - world -, lane - - feast -, ter - - shooting range -, shine - - blist -, burn - - jig -, stele - - style -, even - - chit -, spelled And, if followed by the suffix -a -... otherwise written e... Exceptions: combine, combination.»

Rosenthal D. E. et al., Handbook of spelling, pronunciation, literary editing. - M.: CheRo, 1999.

Section 61.Double n written in suffixes -enn-, -he N - adjectives formed from nouns, For example: straw, painful, cranberry, artificial, interior, bucket, characteristic, dining, revolutionary, positional.

Note. In a word windy and in derivatives from it one is written n, but in prefixed formations it is written -nn- (windless, lee).

Adjectives with suffix -yang- (-en-) , formed from nouns, are written with one n , For example: hair, wood burning, clay, leather.

adjectives wood, tin, glass written with a double n.

With one n suffix is ​​written -in- in adjectives, For example: nightingale, chicken, living room, as well as in the noun hotel.

Section 99.Adjectives capitalized formed from the individual names of people, mythological creatures, etc. (see §§95-98) :

1. if they are possessive in the full sense of the word (i.e. express the belonging of something this person, mythological creature) and contain the suffix -ov (-ev) or -in(no subsequent suffix -sk-), For example: Marx's "Capital", Dalev dictionary, Zeus' wrath, Lisa's work;
2. if they are part of names that are equal in meaning to the “name”, “memory” of such and such, for example: Lomonosov Readings.

Note 1. Adjectives formed from individual names of people are written with a lowercase letter:

1. if they are not in the full sense of the possessive, for example: Pushkin style, Suvorov tactics, x-ray room, adam's apple, Graves' disease, pasteur station, Sisyphean labor, Aesopian language, Procrustean bed,
2. if they are possessive in the full sense, but contain a suffix in their composition -ovsk- (-evsk-) or -insk-; For example: tolstoy estate, Turgenev's Notes of a Hunter, Pushkin's apartment.

Note 2.Adverbs formed from individual names of people are always written with a lowercase letter., For example: in Pushkin's way, Suvorov style.