Construction organization project (COP) for the dismantling of an existing building at the address: 197376, St. Petersburg, emb. Karpovka River, 5, building 17 lit. A, developed on the basis of the technical specifications for contract No. PD-2011/08-05-01 dated December 24, 2008 and is the basis for the development of a work project (WPP).

The project was drawn up for the entire period of dismantling work, for the entire scope of work, and establishes the optimal duration of construction work as a whole and its stages (SNiP 1.04.03-85).

The project was developed in accordance with the following main regulatory documents:

• 1. SNiP 12-01-2004 “Organization of construction”;
• 2. SNiP 3.01.01-85* “Organization of construction production”;
• 3. SNiP 3.02.01-87 “Earth structures, foundations and foundations”;
• 4. GOST 21.101-97. Basic requirements for design and working documentation;
• 5. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 16, 2008. No. 87 Moscow “On the composition of sections of design documentation and requirements for their content”;
• 6. SNiP 1.04.03-85* “Norms for construction duration and backlog in the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures”;
• 7. SNiP 21-01-97* “Fire Safety”;
• 8. SNiP 3.01.03-85 “Geodetic work in construction”;
• 9. SNiP 3.03.01 “Load-bearing and enclosing structures”;
• 10. SNiP 12-03-2001 “Labor safety in construction” part 1;
• 11. SNiP 12-04-2002 “Labor safety in construction” part 2;
• 12. SanPiN 2.2.3.1384-03 “Hygienic requirements for the organization of construction production and construction work”;
• 13. Standards for the duration of major repairs of residential and public buildings and urban amenities. – M., Stroyizdat, 1982;
• 14. PPB-01-03 “Fire Safety Rules in the Russian Federation”, Ministry of Emergency Situations;
• 15. SP 12-136-2002 “Decisions on labor protection and industrial safety in construction projects and work projects”;
• 16. VSN 41-85(r)/Gosgrazhdanstroy. “Instructions for the development of projects for the organization and projects for the production of work on major repairs of residential buildings”;
• 17. TSN 30-306-02 SPb “Reconstruction and development of historically developed areas of St. Petersburg”;
• 18. SanPiN 2.2.3.1384-03 “Hygienic requirements for the organization of construction production and construction work”;

This construction organization project has been developed for the demolition of a building, the customer is LLC Karpovka, 5, with the removal of construction waste and disposal, with a protective fence of the construction site along the boundaries of neighboring plots. The PIC was carried out in order to ensure the preparation of construction proceedings and justification of the necessary resources.

This project for organizing dismantling work was developed for the purpose of preparing production and serves as the source material for the development of work production projects (WPP).

An organization that has a license, experience and is equipped with all the necessary technical, mechanical and protective equipment for the work is involved in carrying out work on the development of buildings.

All dismantling work should be carried out according to the work execution plan (WPP), developed by the contractor, approved by the head of the organization performing the work and agreed upon with all interested persons and organizations in the appropriate manner.

• on the basis of this PIC, develop a project for the demolition of buildings;
• line engineering and technical workers supervising construction should carefully study all sections of the project before starting work;
• carry out dismantling of buildings in accordance with the project, PPR and standard technological maps;
• develop and implement monitoring recommendations;
• keep a log of step-by-step inspection of hidden work and intermediate acceptance of critical structural elements;
• when assessing the quality of construction and installation work, be guided by the instructions of SNiP 3.06.03-85 part 3.

2. Special conditions

In accordance with the rules on construction contracts, the customer must, within the time frame agreed with the contractor, provide:

• To allocate an area in the immediate vicinity of the construction site for the placement of administrative and utility premises;

Obtain permission from the owner of utility networks passing through the territory for the installation of temporary roads and construction fencing;

Obtain permission from the traffic police for the passage of vehicles, approve routes for pedestrians and vehicles;

Obtain permission to turn off and disconnect utility networks approaching the facility.

The work is carried out in cramped conditions, characterized by the following features:

Intense traffic and pedestrian traffic in the immediate vicinity of the work site;

An extensive network of existing utilities;

Cramped conditions.

Before starting work:

Establish monitoring of settlements in existing buildings with the involvement of licensed organizations;

Conduct an inspection of existing buildings with the preparation of a defective list and photographic recording of buildings located in the security zone.

The movement of building structures and materials from disassembly should only be carried out according to the schemes developed in the PPR.

The work schedule is one and a half shifts from 8.00 to 20.00 hours in accordance with the order No. 3 of the chief state sanitary doctor for St. Petersburg “On the prohibition of construction and installation work at night that creates an increased sound level in the surrounding buildings” dated August 1, 2002.

3. Brief climate information

The construction zone belongs to climatic region II, subdistrict PV, according to SNiP 23-01-99 “Construction climatology”.

The absolute minimum outdoor temperature is -36˚С, the absolute maximum is +33˚С. The average maximum temperature of the hottest month is +22.1˚С. The average number of days per year with an average outdoor temperature less than 0˚С is 143, less than 8˚С is 219.

• The freezing depth of clay and loamy soils is 1.45 m.
• The standard mass of snow cover is 100 kgf/m2.
• The standard wind speed at a height of 10 meters is 35 kgf/m2.
• The daily maximum precipitation is 76 mm.

The projected construction site is located in the Petrogradsky district of St. Petersburg, embankment. Karpovka River, house 5, building 17, lit. A.

The territory under consideration is characterized by an excessively humid climate with an unstable weather regime, which belongs to the II-B subregion according to the climatic zoning of Russia for construction. In geomorphological terms, the construction site under consideration is located within the Prinevskaya lowland with absolute elevations of 5.5-5.6 m. Soils of four genetic formations take part in its structure: technogenic (tiy), lacustrine-sea (m+iiy), lacustrine coatings glacial and glacial.

4. General characteristics of the dismantling site

The construction organization project considers the dismantling of existing buildings at the address: Petrogradsky district, embankment of the Karpovka River, building 5, building 17, letter A on a land plot with cadastral number 78:3118:15:20, to the extent necessary in accordance with current legislation to obtain all examinations, permits and approvals of government organizations, coordination and examination of the project with government, departmental and non-departmental organizations, obtaining permission from the State Service for Construction and Electrical Engineering for demolition.

Building No. 17 is owned by JSC Poligrafmash. The building was built approximately in 1966 according to the design of the Gipropribor Institute (Leningrad).

The total area of ​​the buildings, according to the technical passport, is 2602.4 sq.m.

According to the KGA (Committee on Urban Planning and Architecture), the site is located within the boundaries of the Petrogradsky district, bounded by Professor Popov streets, Aptekarsky Avenue, the embankment of the Karpovka River, and Medikov Avenue.

Administratively, the site is located in the Petrogradsky district of St. Petersburg. Geomorphologically, the work site falls within the Prinevskaya Lowland.

Technogenic, marine, lacustrine and glacial deposits take part in the geological structure of the site to a depth of 27.00 m.

II.1. Technogenic deposits (tgIV) were encountered in all wells. They are represented by medium-sized grayish-brown sands with gravel, pebbles mixed with organic matter and medium-density construction waste. In depth intervals of 0.0-0.3 m, the bulk layer is represented by asphalt and crushed stone. The thickness of the bulk soil layer varies from 2.9 to 3.2 m. The bottom of the layer lies at absolute levels from 0.2 to (-) 0.5 m.

II.2. Marine sediments (m.l IV) were penetrated by all wells. They are represented by two layers, medium-sized, medium-density sand and loose sand.

2. Sands of medium coarseness, grayish-brown, medium density, water-saturated. The thickness of the layer varies from 2.6 to 5.0 m. The base of the layer has absolute elevations from (-) 2.4 to (-) 4.9 m.

2a. Medium-sized sands are brownish-gray, loose, water-saturated (opened only in well 1). The thickness of the layer is 3.0 m. The bottom of the layer has an absolute elevation of (-) 3.5.

II.3. Lacustrine-glacial deposits (lg III) - light, silty, grayish-brown loams, unclearly layered, fluid-plastic. The thickness of the layer varies from 1.5 to 4.2 m. The bottom of the layer has absolute elevations from (-) 5.00 to (-) 6.6 m.

II.4. Glacial deposits (g III) were encountered in all wells. Presented in three layers:

Gray sandy loam with nests of sand with gravel and plastic pebbles. The thickness of the layer ranges from 4.0 to 5.9 m. The base of the layer has absolute elevations from (-) 9.0 to (-) 12.3 m.

Gray silty sandy loam with gravel and plastic pebbles. The thickness of the layer varies from 4.8 m to 7.8 m. The layer has been passed through to abs. elevation -24.0m. The bottom of the layer has absolute elevations from (-) 16.8 to (-) 17.3 m.

Gray silty sandy loam with gravel, hard pebbles, with plastic layers. The exposed thickness of the layer varies from 6.1 m to 7.2 m, the layer has been penetrated to abs. marks (-) 23.40 to (-) 24.0 m.

Hydrogeologically, the site is characterized by the presence of a horizon of groundwater with a free surface, confined to sea sands and interlayers of water-saturated sand in the thickness of glacial-lacustrine deposits.

During drilling operations (February 2007), groundwater with a free surface was recorded at a depth of 2.9 to 3.5 m, which corresponds to an absolute level of 0.1 m.

Groundwater recharge occurs due to the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation. Groundwater discharge occurs in the river. Karpovka. During periods of maximum precipitation and heavy snowmelt, the maximum U.G.E. position should be expected. at a depth of 0.5-1.0 m. During periods of surge phenomena when the water level in the river rises. Karpovka (underwater groundwater) it is possible to rise the groundwater level to levels close to the daytime surface (absolute elevation about 3.00-3.60 m).

According to the results of chemical analyzes of water samples taken at the site, in accordance with SNiP 2.03.11-85, groundwater is non-aggressive towards concrete grade W4.

In accordance with GOST 9.602-2005, groundwater is highly corrosive to lead and medium to aluminum cable sheaths. When determining the approximate water inflow into trenches and pits in accordance with the "Hydrogeologist's Reference Guide", L., 1982, the following filtration coefficients can be adopted:

for loams 0.1-0.3 m/day

for sands 3-5m/day

5. Stroygenplan

The construction master plan was developed on a scale of 1:500 for the main period of dismantling the building at the address: St. Petersburg, embankment of the Karpovka River, reflecting certain issues of the preparatory and main periods of construction work,

The construction plan shows:

• boundaries of the construction site and types of its fencing;
• permanent buildings and structures, existing buildings and structures subject to demolition;
• locations of temporary, including mobile (inventory) buildings and structures;
• protective and warning structures;
• permanent and temporary roads and other routes for transporting structures, materials and products, traffic patterns for vehicles and mechanisms, installation sites for construction machines, indicating the routes of their movement and coverage areas;
• vehicle traffic patterns, working and hazardous areas of main construction machines;
• existing and temporary underground, ground and air networks and communications, as well as sources of supplying the construction site with electricity, water, heat, steam, storage areas;
• locations of devices for removing construction waste;
• sites and premises for storing materials and structures;
• location of premises for sanitary services for construction workers, drinking water installations and recreation areas, as well as high-risk areas;
• hazardous areas near dismantled buildings, construction sites, reconstruction and operation of hazardous production facilities, work sites for excavators and other construction equipment;
• places for installing fire hydrants, panels with fire-fighting equipment, smoking areas.

The construction master plan also indicates:

explication of permanent existing and dismantled structures;

explication of temporary buildings and structures indicating the type (brand, standard project number), open scad and other sites;

a list (in tabular form) of permanent and temporary utility networks and site fencing, indicating their length;

accepted conventions.

5.1 Organizational and technological stages of construction

To ensure timely preparation and compliance with the technological sequence of construction, the project provides for two construction periods: initial (preparatory) and main.

Initial stage of work:

At the construction site accepted from the customer under the act, the general contractor provides the following preparatory work:

Construction of temporary household inventory buildings.

Install household and administrative buildings at the construction site in accordance with the requirements of SanPiN 2.2.3.1384-03. As part of the sanitary premises, places must be allocated and equipped for placing first aid kits with medicines, stretchers, fixing splints and other means for providing first aid to victims.

Provide temporary household premises with water and electricity. The drinking water regime is imported, in accordance with the requirements of sanitary standards and regulations.

Provide temporary power supply to the construction site.

Power supply to the construction site will be provided from a diesel generator (diesel generator) according to the calculation of the construction site energy consumption.

During the dismantling period, it is planned to illuminate the work areas with Atlas Copco QAX diesel generator sets with lighting masts.

Install temporary electrical networks around the site at a height:

3.5 m – above aisles;

6.0 m – above driveways.

The wiring of temporary electrical networks must be done with insulated cables.

All electrical equipment installed on the construction site during the construction of the building must comply with GOST R50 571.23-2000 “Electrical installations of construction sites”.

Temporary schemes are developed taking into account the requirements of VSN 37-84 “Instructions for organizing traffic to limit road work sites.”

Construction site fencing in height and continuity meets the requirements of GOST 23407-78 “Fencing of inventory construction sites and areas for construction and installation work. Technical conditions". The fences are made of reinforced concrete.

At the initial stage, before dismantling begins, all work on the transfer of transit utility networks must be completed, internal engineering systems must be disconnected and disconnected from external networks, and work on the construction of protective and warning structures must be completed.

Installation of a wheel washing station at the exit from the construction site.

At the entrance to and exit from the construction site, information boards must be installed indicating the name and location of the facility, the name of the owner and (or) customer, the contractor performing the work, the name, position and telephone number of the responsible producer of the work on the facility. At the entrance to the construction site, a diagram must be installed indicating buildings and temporary buildings and structures under construction, entrances, entrances, locations of water sources, fire extinguishing and communications equipment, with graphic designations in accordance with GOST 12.1.114-82

All preparatory work must be carried out in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 12-01-2004*

The completion of preparatory work at the construction site must be accepted according to the act on the implementation of occupational safety measures, drawn up in accordance with Appendix “I” of SNiP 12-01-2004*.

At the initial stage of dismantling work, a reinforced concrete fence is installed.

Main stage works:

Dismantling is carried out using a Komatsu PC 450 LCD -7 demolition excavator equipped with CC2100 hydraulic shears

After dismantling the outer part of buildings and structures, work is carried out to dismantle the underground part of the buildings using a Volvo 290 B excavator with an NM-350 hydraulic hammer.

The site manager, foreman, and drivers must have radio communications. Dismantling work is carried out by the excavator operator in tandem with an assistant who monitors the general situation at the site, the threat of collapse of structures and the possible fall of building elements onto the excavator.

The debris of brickwork and reinforced concrete is cleaned up by a Bobcat S 300 forklift and loaded into KAMAZ dump trucks. Storage of waste and construction waste is carried out at a special site. When loading large debris, a Volvo 290 B excavator is used.

To ensure the movement of a destructive excavator, a temporary road does not need to be built, since the territory is a paved area. Komatsu PC 450 LCD -7 moves on an asphalt road protected by wooden decking and metal sheets.

For the passage of a destructive excavator, the road must be from 3.5 to 6 m, in unloading areas 6 m, turning radii of at least 9 m.

The main site for temporary storage of construction waste is located on the construction site. When constructing the site, it is necessary to provide for the formation of slopes of at least 2% to drain surface rainwater.

The movement and loading of construction waste during dismantling work is carried out using a Bobcat S 300 loader. All materials from dismantling are transported to the recycling site in the village of Yanino, LLC "Association for Demolition of Buildings" for further processing and disposal.

All needs for temporary buildings are met through the installation of mobile change houses BShP 6000 mm long.

For fire-fighting purposes, a hydrant is used at the nearest well of the existing water supply network, as well as sand from special boxes located near the fire shield.

For the entry of vehicles and construction equipment, the existing entrance from the Fontanka River embankment is used. It is difficult to turn construction vehicles around in compliance with the standards for their safe movement; it is possible to organize their entry into the construction site in reverse.

5.2 Methods for carrying out dismantling work

To carry out the work, specialized organizations are involved that have a license to carry out the relevant types of work.

It is allowed to proceed with the disassembly of tasks only if there is an approved work plan (clause 3.2 of SNiP 12-01-2004 “Construction Organization”), as well as according to the technological maps developed as part of the PPR, in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 3.06.03-85 ( Part III) and technical specifications. Before starting work, enter into an agreement for technical supervision of the work.

The recommended structure of the division of the construction organization performing the work is the construction site. When organizing dismantling work, a comprehensive flow should be provided, covering: engineering preparation of the territory, dismantling of the roof and rafter system, dismantling of ceilings, dismantling of window fillings and utility networks, dismantling of load-bearing walls and partitions, disposal of construction waste, delivery of completed work to the customer. Dismantling of buildings and structures, individual structural elements belongs to the category of the most complex and labor-intensive work.

After completing the preparatory work, before dismantling work, it is necessary to carry out a visual inspection of the structures of the demolished structure, identifying and recording changes that may occur since the last inspection and, taking into account the data obtained, a project for dismantling work is carried out. Based on the results of the surveys, an act is drawn up, on the basis of which the following issues are resolved:

Selecting a disassembly method;

Establishing the sequence of work;

Establishing hazardous areas and using protective barriers if necessary;

Temporary fastening of individual structures of the building being dismantled in order to prevent their accidental collapse;

Dust suppression measures;

All building structures and building elements that threaten collapse are listed, highlighting the most dangerous ones;

The constructive connection of the threatened structures with adjacent elements of the building being dismantled and with adjacent buildings is indicated;

Possible reasons that could cause a collapse are listed;

Safety measures when working at height;

The specification of work production methods is carried out during the development of a work production project (WPP).

Dismantling of load-bearing structures should be carried out only if there is an approved work plan and a technological map for dismantling load-bearing structures.

From the moment the work begins until its completion, the contractor must keep a work log, which displays the progress and quality of the work, as well as all facts and circumstances that are significant in the production relationship between the customer and the contractor (date of start and completion of work, date of provision of materials, services, messages about the acceptance of work, delays associated with the failure of construction equipment, the customer’s opinion on private issues, as well as everything that may affect the final deadline for completion of the work).

Construction work is carried out in accordance with Russian norms and rules specified in the list of regulatory documents. The construction machinery and equipment used must have a technical passport and a certificate of compliance with Russian norms and standards. All dismantling work should be performed under the guidance of a foreman or foreman. Dangerous areas must be fenced off with signal barriers and warning signs must be posted on them. Contractors must have a license to perform the relevant types of work, issued by federal or licensed centers.

During the main period of work, the immediate dismantling of the 5-2 storey part of the building letter A, cleaning, garbage removal, dismantling of basements, backfilling pits and territory planning are carried out.

Dismantling of the above-ground part of the building is carried out from top to bottom using pneumatic and electric tools, as well as special equipment: a special excavator with a boom length of 25 m, equipped with hydraulic shears, hydraulic hammers and grabs of various types, and a rotary loader.

Dismantling should begin with manual disassembly of those building elements that can be reused. The scope of such work is determined by the customer when concluding a contract. Such structures include: stone external steps, stone facing slabs of the base and walls; double-glazed windows, aluminum window frames, wood-aluminum frames, door blocks; stone and other finishing slabs for facing walls, floors, stairs and other internal elements; cast iron, forged fences; various metal elements, including radiators and central heating pipes, plumbing fixtures. Storage areas for disassembled recyclable items must be organized outside the hazardous dismantling area.

The main measures against possible self-collapse of structures are timely removal of debris from each floor, immediately after its disassembly. Overloading of floors is unacceptable. The collapse of upper interfloor slabs onto lower slabs is prohibited. Simultaneous dismantling of two or more floors is not permitted.

Dismantling work using special equipment, pneumatic and electrical equipment:

• Using a Komatsu PC 450 LCD-7 excavator with hydraulic shears, dismantle the roof by biting off roof structural elements. Work should be carried out along the span from the highest elevation of the roof. Lower the disassembled elements inside onto the ceiling. When dismantling low-rise structures, an excavator is used. When dismantling foundations - 290 D VOLVO

The technical characteristics of hydraulic shears allow disassembly, eliminating the possibility of objects flying outside the danger zone. The excavator must be installed so that during operation the distance between the rotating part in any position and buildings and other objects is at least 1 m;

• Dismantling of brick walls and wall panels is carried out using a PC 450 LCD-7 excavator and a Volvo 290 with hydraulic shears;
• Dismantling of foundations, as well as excavation work, is carried out using a Volvo 290 B excavator with a hydraulic hammer;
• The sequence of demolition of walls should be determined taking into account ensuring the stability and rigidity of the remaining walls;
• After demolishing the wall, remove debris from disassembly. It is allowed to approach the cleaning site when the foreman or foreman is convinced that there are no overhanging objects and gives permission to clear the rubble;
• Next, proceed to dismantling the floor slabs (panels);
• Dismantle the coating slabs using hydraulic shears, cutting the slab on one side at the fastening joint;
• Simultaneous dismantling of two adjacent covering slabs is not allowed;
• Disassemble the blockage to dismantle the subsequent slab;
• Dismantle subsequent slabs in the same way as the previous one;
• Dismantling of rectangular reinforced concrete columns is carried out after completion of dismantling the coating slabs using hydraulic shears. Work should be carried out starting from the top mark of the column, cutting into pieces no larger than 70 cm and lowering the dismantled columns into the building.

Manual dismantling:

Manual disassembly inside the building is carried out under the direct supervision of engineering and technical personnel in compliance with labor safety rules applied during major renovations of buildings, as well as fire safety rules.

Dismantling is carried out manually of those building elements that can be reused. The scope of such work is determined by the customer when concluding a contract. Recycled structures include: stone external steps, stone facing slabs of the plinth and walls; stone and other finishing slabs for facing walls, floors, stairs and other internal elements; double-glazed windows, aluminum window frames, wood-aluminum frames, door blocks; cast iron forged fences; various metal elements, including radiators and central heating pipes, plumbing fixtures.

All workers must be provided with safety belts, helmets, special clothing, and personal and collective protective equipment. Must have job descriptions and permission to work at heights. For each worker, a “Permission Work Order” is drawn up in accordance with the requirements of SNiP 12-03-2001.

All dismantling work should be carried out in such a way that the level of dynamic impact on the structures of adjacent buildings does not exceed the maximum permissible acceleration of vertical vibrations of 0.15 m/sec2. To do this, along the perimeter and inside the building being dismantled, install “cushions” of broken bricks h=300 mm, which allow to dampen the dynamic load that occurs when dismantling elements are piled inside the building.

Dismantling work should be carried out during daylight hours. Work on dismantling floor slabs and reinforced concrete columns should be carried out in the presence of the Customer’s technical supervision and recorded in the work log.

5.2.1 Sequence of work

Preparatory activities carried out before dismantling work:

Obtain permission provided by the customer to carry out dismantling work;

Carry out an inspection of adjacent buildings;

Obtain technical specifications for the removal of life support engineering systems, develop the necessary projects and carry out work on them necessary for the life support of neighboring buildings;

Disconnect and disconnect the internal engineering networks of the facility from external engineering communications of gasification networks, electricity supply, heat supply, water supply and sewerage, telephone and radio installations;

Provide the facility with electricity and water;

Install protective, fencing and warning structures in the required places;

Install temporary lighting for the construction site;

Organize pedestrian passages, vehicle passages, storage areas, recreation areas at the construction site;

Set up a wheel washing station.

Dismantling of the above-ground part of the building letter A;
Dismantling of basements and underground utilities;
Filling pits and irregularities, territory planning;
Dismantling and removal of protective structures, temporary networks and engineering structures;
Transfer of the site according to the act to the Customer. 5.3 Measures to protect adjacent buildings and transit engineering systems 1. When dismantling buildings, use gentle methods, including floor-by-floor dismantling of the structure, dividing the elements into separate blocks, the weight of which depends on the equipment used in the development. This is especially true for those elements that are directly adjacent to existing residential buildings;

2. Dismantling work must be carried out with mandatory operational monitoring;

3. In the process of geotechnical monitoring, monitor the occurrence and development of horizontal or vertical displacements of walls, making it possible to record the moment of violation of the integrity of the wall (the appearance of cracks in the masonry), as well as control vibration parameters (dynamic control);

4. The following main areas are subject to monitoring:

Geodetic control of settlement, tilt of two buildings adjacent to the demolished buildings and having historical value;

Visual and instrumental monitoring of the technical condition of buildings (formation of cracks in walls);

Control of ground vibration parameters;

Operational control of zero cycle work.

5. Dynamic monitoring must be carried out using sensors installed on walls and on the ground and allowing to monitor and record the parameters of dynamic effects. Dynamic modes are considered safe for the foundation of protected buildings if they meet the requirements of VSN 490-87. Exceeding the permissible parameters of dynamic loads will lead to a mandatory stop of work. Work can be resumed only after implementation of recommendations to reduce dynamic impacts promptly issued by the controlling organization.

Dynamic control is carried out throughout the entire period of dismantling work.

7. It is proposed to protect transit communications by fencing security zones with warning tape and installing warning signs indicating the prohibition of excavation work.

8. Protection of utility networks.

On the site of the dismantled building there are on-site and transit networks of communication, radio, water supply, sewerage and heating, gasification and electricity.

For the removal of utility networks, it is necessary to obtain technical specifications from operating organizations.

In accordance with technical specifications, on-site networks must be turned off and disconnected from external networks. Transit networks must be reliably protected.

To protect the inspection wells of transit engineering systems, the project proposes to cover them with sheet iron with a thickness of at least 8 mm. The boundaries of the sheets must protrude beyond the boundaries of the well hatch by at least 1.5 m. The sheet of protective iron should not touch the manhole cover; if necessary, add sand.

5.4 Carrying out work in winter

Work in winter should be carried out in accordance with the measures specified in the PPR and in accordance with the relevant sections:

SNiP 3.02.01-87 “Earth structures, foundations and foundations”;

SNiP 3.03.01-87 “Load-bearing and enclosing structures”;

SNiP 12-03-2001 “Occupational safety in construction, part 1. General data”;

SNiP 12-04-2002 “Labor safety in construction, part 2. Construction production.”

Dismantling of foundations in winter should be carried out in combination with a set of measures to protect the foundation from freezing, including the existing building that is not subject to demolition.

The soil and foundations must be protected from freezing by covering or insulation.

Backfill the sinuses of pits and trenches with sand or recycled construction waste from dismantling).

The preparation method is selected and justified in the PPR.

The proposed wheel washing installation has a winter configuration with heated water. The washer can operate down to a temperature of -15˚C. In case of severe frosts, it is recommended to drain purified water into the storm sewer well in advance. In severe frosts, you can stop driving cars, or use mechanical or pneumatic cleaning of wheels.

Water supply is provided by imported water. Containers with water should be located in heated rooms.

The winter construction period is considered to be the time between the dates of the onset of a stable average daily air temperature of +5˚С in autumn and spring, because Even at this temperature, many types of work must be carried out in compliance with all winter construction rules. Instructions were carried out with engineers and workers on the rules for performing work in winter conditions, and technological maps for dismantling work in winter conditions were studied.

5.5 Instructions on methods of instrumental quality control of dismantling work

During dismantling work, it is necessary to carry out mandatory operational geodetic (instrumental) control in accordance with section 4 of SNiP 3.01.03-84 “Geodetic work in construction.”

In addition, continuous monitoring also provides high-quality instrumental quality control of dismantling work. The methods, procedure for maintaining and accounting for instrumental control are indicated as part of the work execution plan (WPP). All geodetic work at the construction site must be carried out in accordance with projects for the production of geodetic work (PPGR).

5.6 Measures to ensure the safety of pedestrians and vehicles

The construction site is fenced with a stable solid fence. To warn the population about the danger, it is necessary to install signal lights, inscriptions and signs.

Demolition of building structures using an excavator equipped with hydraulic shears should only be carried out under the direct supervision of an engineer and technical worker responsible for the safe execution of work.

Dismantling of buildings should be carried out at a time agreed upon in accordance with the established procedure. At the same time, the passage of pedestrians and vehicles in the danger zone is not allowed. The dimensions of the dangerous zone and the method of fencing it must be indicated in the PPR.

Fencing elements along the roadway must be equipped with galleries for the safe passage of pedestrians.

Design solutions are presented on sheets 5 and 6.

6. Environmental safety conditions

The project for organizing dismantling work was developed in accordance with the requirements of Federal Law No. 7-FZ of January 10, 2002. “On Environmental Protection” and amendments dated August 22, 2004, and also takes into account the requirements:

Order of the State Committee for Ecology of the Russian Federation No. 372 dated May 16, 2000. “On approval of the regulations on assessing the impact of planned economic or other activities on the environment in the Russian Federation”;

Law of the Russian Federation “On Environmental Protection”, taking into account clause 3.2. “Regulations on environmental impact assessment in the Russian Federation”, approved by order of the Russian Ministry of Natural Resources dated July 18, 1994. No. 222.;

SanPin 2.2.3.1384-03 “Hygienic requirements for the organization of construction production and construction work”;

SanPin 2.1.7.1287-03 “Sanitary and epidemiological requirements for soil quality.”

When performing building dismantling work, the following factors affecting environmental protection must be taken into account:

Noise impact during construction and installation works;

Contamination of the territory during work;

Pollution of the territory with construction and household waste;

Contamination of soils, groundwater and reservoir waters by household wastewater and petroleum products.

When dismantling structures of buildings and structures, the most important areas of environmental protection measures are reducing losses of materials during storage and work, reusing materials from disassembly, timely removal of construction waste, preventing or reducing the harmful effects of the equipment used, fire safety measures when using flammable materials.

Construction waste and household waste generated at the construction site are temporarily stored on a specially designated area with a hard surface and are regularly transported to the recycling site of the Building Demolition Association LLC in Yanino.

When performing work, it is not permitted to exceed the maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the air of the working area. To reduce dust formation, construction waste is moistened with water and packed in bags and bags.

We will not allow spills of toxic liquids or petroleum products.

It is unacceptable to leave non-degradable materials (glass, polyethylene, metal) in the ground as part of construction waste.

At the exit from the construction site, a platform for washing vehicle wheels is set up.

Refueling of construction machinery with fuels and lubricants should be carried out at specialized sites outside the construction site.

Transportation of bulk cargo should be carried out by covering the body of the vehicle with a tarpaulin.

6. Occupational safety when dismantling structures

All work must be carried out in strict accordance with the requirements of the following regulatory materials:

SNiP 12-03-2001 “Labor safety in construction”, part 1;

SNiP 12-04-2002 “Labor safety in construction”, part 2;

PPB 01-03 “Fire safety rules during construction and installation work on the territory of the Russian Federation”;

PB 10-382-00 “Rules for the design and safe operation of lifting mechanisms”;

GOST 12.3.032-82 “Electrical safety in construction”;

Guidelines for industrial sanitation during construction and installation works.

Construction and installation work is permitted to begin only if there is a work execution plan (WPP), in which decisions on labor protection and industrial safety during construction and installation work must be developed, as well as decisions on the placement of sanitary buildings outside hazardous areas.

Before starting work, measures must be taken to safely organize the construction site. On the construction site, install signs for driveways and passages, as well as diagrams for the movement of vehicles and workers to work sites.

Loading and unloading operations must be carried out mechanized in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.3.009-76, with “Changes No. 1”.

Along the boundaries of areas dangerous to people, in which hazardous factors are constantly operating or may operate, fences must be installed that meet the requirements of GOST 23407-78, as well as safety signs in accordance with GOST 12.4.026-76 SSBT with “Changes No. 1 and No. 2”.

All persons on the construction site are required to wear safety helmets in accordance with GOST 12.4.087-80. Workers and engineers without safety helmets and other personal protective equipment are not allowed to perform work.

The construction site, passages and workplaces must be illuminated in accordance with electrical illumination standards.

Workplaces and passages to them at a height of 1.3 m or more, at a distance of less than 2 m from the boundary of the difference in height, must be fenced with temporary fences in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.4.059-89. If it is impossible to install these fences, work at heights should be carried out using safety belts in accordance with GOST 12.4.089-80. Places and methods of fastening safety ropes and safety belts are indicated in the PPR.

Workplaces, depending on the working conditions and the adopted technology for the production of work, must be provided, in accordance with the standard sets, with technological equipment and means of collective protection corresponding to their purpose, as well as means of communication and signaling.

Storage of materials and structures must be carried out in accordance with the instructions of standards, technical specifications for materials and structures, as well as in accordance with the PPR.

The work of lifting machines at the site must be organized in compliance with safety rules by a person from among the engineering personnel responsible for the safe performance of work on moving goods by cranes, after testing their knowledge and obtaining the appropriate certificate.

When installing electrical equipment, the requirements of GOST 12.3.032-84 must be met.

All metal parts of installations and structures that may be live must be grounded. Inspection and repair of electrical equipment is permitted only after disconnecting it from the network and only by an electrician.

Electrical installations operated on construction sites must be grounded according to the PUE.

Fire safety at the construction site is carried out in accordance with the requirements of the Fire Safety Rules.

To prevent the possibility of a fire on a construction site, when developing a PPR, it is necessary to provide for:

• location of the shield with fire-fighting equipment;
• measures to limit the amount of stored flammable and flammable liquids generated during various works or during storage by organizing air exchange using natural or forced ventilation;
• prohibition of lighting fires on construction sites;
• equipment of special smoking areas;
• measures to eliminate the causes of spark formation during the operation of internal combustion engines and electrical installations;
• keeping escape routes clear and unobstructed;
• fire warning means.

Access of unauthorized people not involved in construction and repair to the work sites must be excluded.

6.1 Special requirements for the safety of work during dismantling of structures

All work on the dismantling of building structures (especially at height) should be carried out with a “Permission Work Order” in accordance with “Appendix “D” to SNiP 12-03-2001, as for high-risk work.

Hazardous production factors include possible self-collapse of building structures (walls, parts of floors); Harmful factors during dismantling work include dust formation.

Work on dismantling (disassembling) building structures must be carried out under the constant technical supervision of the work manufacturer, who, before starting work, together with the foreman (foreman), must carefully inspect the dismantled structures and parts of the building and draw up a report in which all elements of the house that threaten collapse are noted. If necessary, additional measures are taken to ensure safe working conditions (additional fences, protective flooring are installed, insurance means for workers are determined, etc.).

Before starting work on dismantling (disassembling) structures, the foreman must familiarize all workers with the most dangerous aspects of the work and must take all precautions to prevent accidents.

6.2 Measures to prevent emergency situations

It is mandatory to comply with all the requirements set out in the construction safety documentation for labor protection: SNiP 12-03-2001, SNiP 12-04-2002, P.U.E., “Rules for the design and safe operation of load-lifting cranes.”

A warning system should be created for civil emergency situations signals using radio broadcasting (from the regional communication center) and telephone (from the automatic telephone exchange) networks.

Implementation of fire prevention measures:

• provision of primary fire extinguishing means;
• provision of fire hydrants available in the surrounding area;
• make entrances suitable for special maneuvering. transport;
• provide the construction site with an evacuation plan, indicating emergency exits and an emergency lighting network;
• “Fire safety order for the dismantling site.”

Provide 24-hour security for the facility.

The maximum level of intermittent noise at workplaces must comply with the requirements of GOST 12.1.003-83 (ST SEV1930-79) SSBT “Noise. General safety requirements."

When developing the PPR, measures should be taken to reduce noise affecting people in the workplace to values ​​not exceeding permissible values ​​(Section 2, GOST 12.1.003-83), the use of noise-proof equipment, the use of collective protective equipment in accordance with GOST 12.1.029-80, use of personal protective equipment in accordance with GOST 12.4.051-87.

Areas with sound levels above 80 dBA must be marked with safety signs in accordance with GOST 12.4.026-76. The administration is obliged to supply PPE in accordance with GOST 12.4.051-87 to those working in these zones.

Monitor noise levels in workplaces with the involvement of sanitary and labor protection services.

The noise characteristics of machines and equipment must comply with the requirements of GOST 12.1.003-83.

6.3 Organization of work in open areas

The organization of work in open areas during the cold season must comply with the requirements of Chapter VIII of SanPiN 2.2.3.1384-03.

Before starting work in an open area, the foreman must inform all workers about the effect of cold on the body and measures to prevent cooling. Those working in open areas during the cold season are provided with a set of personal protective equipment (PPE). To avoid local cooling, working people should be provided with special clothing (mittens, shoes, hats). A set of PPE and workwear must have a positive sanitary and epidemiological conclusion indicating the value of its thermal insulation.

A heating point for workers in open areas is set up in a room specially designated for this purpose.

The air temperature in heating areas is maintained at 21-25˚C. The room should be equipped with devices, the temperature of which should not be higher than 40˚С (35-40˚С), for heating the hands and feet.

The duration of the first rest period can be limited to 10 minutes, the duration of each subsequent period should be increased by 5 minutes.

To avoid hypothermia, workers should not be in the cold (in an open area) during breaks at work for more than 10 minutes at air temperatures up to - 10°C and no more than 5 minutes at air temperatures below - 10°C.

During the lunch break, the employee is provided with a “hot” meal. You should start working in the cold no earlier than 10 minutes after eating “hot” food (tea, etc.).

7. Justification for the number of excavators

For dismantling work, a Komatsu PC 450LCD-7, Volvo 290 B excavator is used.

Technical characteristics of Komatsu PC 450 LCD-7:

Table No. 1

Dimensions
Length, mm
Width, mm
Height, mm
Ground pressure, kg/cm2
Shoe width, mm	600-700
Engine	KOMATSU SAA6D125E-5
Hydraulics	HydrauMind
Platform rotation speed, rpm
Max. Working height, mm
Max. Travel speed, km/h
Reduced
Increased
Fuel tank capacity, l
Front limit operating range, mm
Tail oscillation radius, mm
Min. Boom lowering angle
Equipment
Total height (hydraulic line), mm
Boom height, mm
Boom length, mm
Support weight, kg
Handle weight, kg
Handle weight (including coupling cylinder), kg
Average weight of connection, kg
Arm weight (including cylinder), kg
Total weight (cylinder, connections and hydraulic lines), kg
Hydraulic shears	AtlasCopco CC 1501 U
Maximum weight of hydraulic shears, kg

Technical characteristics of VOLVO EC 290 B:

Table No. 2

Engine
Nom. power at r/s (rpm)
ISO 9249/DIN 6271, kW (hp)
Bucket capacity, m3
Load capacity, boom along the trolley*
Load at height/high. boom lift*, m
Boom radius*, m
Excavation depth*, m
Breakout force according to SAE*, kN
Operating weight, t

8. List of volumes of dismantling of main structures

Table No. 3

	Name of works	Volume of work, m³	Volume of work in a loose body, m³
Exterior of the building
	reinforced concrete structures
	Metal structures
	Construction garbage
	TOTAL
Basement of the building
	reinforced concrete structures
	Metal structures
	Construction garbage
	TOTAL

9. Justification of the accepted duration of construction. Calculation of the need for basic construction machines

The list of main construction machines and mechanisms was compiled on the basis of the adopted technology for the production of work for the most intense month of dismantling work.

Due to the lack of standards for the development of buildings and structures in SNiP 1.04.03-85* “Norms for the duration of construction and backlog in the construction of enterprises, buildings and structures”, the duration of demolition of buildings is determined in agreement with the customer and taking into account the experience of conducting demolition work of LLC "Demolition Association" and is 60 calendar days or 2 months.

9.1 Selection of vehicles for transporting volumes of construction waste and structures. Calculation of its quantity

As a result of dismantling work, a volume of bricks, reinforced concrete, wood and metal structures will be removed from the construction site at a distance of 21 km to the recycling site in the village of Yanino.

A KAMAZ 6520 dump truck with a body volume of 18 m³ has been proposed for the removal of construction waste.

Technical characteristics of the KAMAZ 6520 dump truck.

Table No. 4

Options	Values
Load capacity, t
Body capacity, m³
Overall dimensions of the platform:
Length, mm
Width, mm
Height, mm
Vehicle weight, kg
Fuel tank, l
Maximum speed, km/h

The number of buckets required to load the dump truck body is found using the formula:

Where V body is the capacity of the dump truck body;

q – Geometric capacity of the excavator bucket – 2 m³;

K1 – coefficient of utilization of the excavator bucket capacity – 1.1.

The actual volume transported is:

The loading time of one dump truck is determined using the formula:

Where is the cycle duration;

n – Number of cycles (buckets);

Preparation time – 3 minutes;

– loading time – 5.4 minutes;

– waiting time – 1 min;

– possible downtime – 2 minutes;

The transportation cycle time of one dump truck is calculated using the formula:

Where: - load time of one machine – 5.4 minutes;

L – Transportation range – 21 km;

The average speed of a dump truck is 0.5 km/min;

- unloading time with maneuvering – 2 minutes;

- time for maneuvers during unloading – 1.5 minutes.

The required number of dump trucks to work together with a loader is:

For optimal transportation of the required volume, we accept 10 cars. The productivity of one dump truck is determined by the formula:

– actual volume of the car body – 14.5 m³;

– number of vehicle cycles per hour.

The operating cycle of one dump truck is 93 minutes;

- working time utilization factor – 0.85.

The shift productivity of 1 car is determined by the formula:

T cm =8 hour

During a shift, 5 dump trucks will transport:

The removal volume per shift is 641 m³.

Thus, 9 shifts will be required to remove the entire planned volume of construction waste.

In total, for transportation of the entire volume of work from dismantling, the total number of vehicles will be 10 KAMAZ 6520 dump trucks per shift, the duration of removal is 9 shifts.

Need for basic machines and mechanisms

Table No. 5

№ p/p	Application area	Name	Brand	Technical specifications	Qty
		Petrol cutter
	Dismantling of structures after collapse	Pneumatic concrete breaker	IP-4607	M=18 kg
	Dismantling of structures after collapse	Compressor	Irmair5.5	5 m 3 /min
	Demolition of building structures	Komatsu excavator with hydraulic shearsCC 1501 U	PC 450LCD -7K
	Demolition of building structures and loading of waste from dismantling	Excavator Volvo with bucket	EU 290 B	1, 5 m 3
	Clearing the territory	Loader Bobcat with equipment: Ladle Brushes	S300	bucket 0.75 m 3
	Dust suppression system
	Construction waste removal	Dump truck	KamAZ 6520	20t V k = 18 m 3
	Dismantling works	Welding machine	SDT-500

10. Demand for labor resources

The number of personnel on the busiest shift is 80% of the total list of personnel at the facility:

Table No. 6

Job title	Number for the construction period, people.
Excavator driver
Loader driver
Installer
Helper worker
Gas cutter
Head of the section

11. The need for construction of temporary buildings and structures

Temporary buildings and structures for sanitary and hygienic purposes were calculated and accepted in accordance with “Calculation standards for drawing up PIC”, part I.

To calculate temporary administrative and amenity premises, the following provisions have been adopted:

The number of workers in the largest shift is 70% of the total, i.e. 11 people.

The number of engineers and specialists in the most numerous shift is 80% of the total number of engineers and specialists, i.e. 4 people.

The total number of workers in the largest shift will be 15 people.

Sanitary facilities for workers directly involved in production must be designed in accordance with SNiP 2.09.04-87* “Administrative and domestic buildings”, table. 4, depending on the groups of production processes:

Gr.1. Processes causing pollution with substances of the 3rd and 4th hazard classes;

Gr.2. Processes that occur under excess sensible heat or unfavorable meteorological conditions.

11.1 Calculation of the need for administrative, utility and service premises

Table No. 7

p/p	Name	Norm per 1 worker working maximum shift, m 2	Number of workers per maximum shift	Total requirement, m 2
	Admin strative buildings
	Office
	Household premises
	Wardrobe	0,6
	Washroom	0,065		0,975
	Shower	0,82		9,02
	Dryer	0,2		2,2
	Premises for heating workers	0,1		1,1
	Total :			38,3

11.2 Explication of temporary buildings and structures

Table No. 8

p/p	Name	Quantity, pcs.	Note
	Block container 6055x2435x2500		Modular building
	Toilet 1300x1000		Dry toilets

11.3 Construction demand for electricity

The choice of electrical networks and the method of their implementation, the determination of the required brands of cable and wire products, decisions on the accounting and distribution of electricity, the use of grounding devices and the implementation of protection against short-circuit currents of networks, electrical receivers and maintenance personnel, the design of lighting installations is carried out as part of the PPR in accordance with the requirements of PUE 3.05 .06-85 “Electrical devices”, SNiP 12-03-2001 part I, SNiP 12.03-2002 part II “Occupational safety in construction”, etc.

Electric lighting of construction sites and sites is divided into working, emergency, evacuation and security.

Working lighting is provided for all construction sites and areas where work is carried out at night and twilight, and is carried out by installations of general (uniform or localized) and combined lighting (local is added to the general).

For work areas where standardized illumination levels must be more than 2 lux, in addition to general uniform lighting, general localized lighting should be provided. For those areas where only temporary presence of people is possible, illumination levels can be reduced to 0.5 lux.

For lighting construction sites and areas, the use of open gas-discharge lamps and incandescent lamps with a transparent bulb is not allowed.

To illuminate places where outdoor construction and installation work is carried out, light sources such as general-purpose incandescent lamps, incandescent floodlight lamps, incandescent halogen lamps, xenon lamps, and high-pressure sodium lamps are used.

The illumination created by general lighting lighting installations on construction sites and work areas inside buildings must be no less than the standardized level, regardless of the light sources used.

Evacuation lighting should be provided in areas of main escape routes, as well as in passageways where there is a risk of injury.

To provide security lighting, a portion of the work lighting fixtures should be allocated. At the boundaries of construction sites or work areas, security lighting must provide horizontal illumination of 0.5 lux at ground level or vertical illumination on the plane of the fence.

12.1 Calculation of the required amount of electricity

The sequence of calculating the power supply of a construction site includes: identifying electricity consumers, selecting sources of electricity and calculating their power, drawing up a working diagram of the power supply of the construction site.

The main consumers of electricity on a construction site are construction machines, mechanisms and installations, as well as lighting of inventory buildings and the site.

In urban conditions, the choice of electricity sources for temporary power supply to a construction site is usually carried out by connecting to the city power grid.

If it is impossible to connect to the city energy system, inventory power plants are used, which are located in places where consumers are concentrated.

The selection of lighting means is carried out in accordance with the requirements of GOST 12.1.046-85 “Standards for lighting construction sites”.

Work lighting is organized using Atlas Copco QAX 12 mobile diesel generator sets with a lighting mast.

The height of the mast of such installations is 9.4 m, on the mast there are 6 spotlights with halogen lamps with a power of 1500 W each.

The size of the construction site is 750m2. The illumination standard for dismantling work is 10 lux. The approximate number of spotlights to be installed to create the required illumination is:

n = m x En x k x S /1500

where m is a coefficient that takes into account the luminous output of light sources, efficiency. spotlights and luminous flux utilization factor, and equal for these conditions to 0.13;

E P =kE N – required illumination at normalized E N =10 lux, k =2;

S – area of ​​the illuminated territory, S = 750 m 2 ;

R L – lamp power equal to 1500 W.

In our case:

n = 0.13(2 x 10 x 750)/1500 = 1.3

To illuminate this area of ​​dismantling work, 1 Atlas Copco QAX 12 lighting installation is sufficient.

Security and evacuation lighting is offered on the basis of CCD-type floodlights with DRL-400 lamps. Place the floodlights in the yard along the fence. The selection of lamps is made in accordance with GOST 12.1.046 “Standards for lighting construction sites”.

The illumination rate in this case is 0.5 lux; m equals 0.25, K equals 2

n = 0,25 x 0,5 x 2 x 2 x 750/1500= 0,25

You need 7 spotlights with DRL-400 lamps.

The required amount of electricity was calculated by consumer.

Table No. 9

No.	Name of consumers	Number of consumers, PC.	Installed power, kWt	Demand factor	Required power, kW
	Hammer		0,65	0,65	0,42
	Welding machine		22,5	0,65	14,6
	Wheel washing		1,1	0,65	0,7
	Inventory change houses		4,0	1,0
	Outdoor Lighting		0,400	0,85	2,38
	Heat gun
	Other consumers (5% of total)				1,4
	Total				30,5
	Total, taking into account power losses in networks				32,5

Based on the calculations performed, we use one working Atlas Copco diesel generator model QAS60, which will provide the required power of 40.9 kW.

Technical information on diesel generator Atlas Copco QAS -60

Table No. 10

Specifications
Engine PERKINS 1103A-33TG2
Rotational speed	1500 rpm
Power at 50Hz	53.8 kW
Cooling	liquid
Number of cylinders
Fuel consumption at 100% / 0% load	12.6 / 2.0 l/hour
Newage BCI Generator
Current	86.6 A
General characteristics
Main fuel tank capacity	134 liters
Additional fuel tank capacity	326 liters
Sound power level	90 dBA
Operating weight (with larger fuel tank)	1456 kg(2105 kg)
Length	2450 mm
Width	1100 mm
Height (with extended fuel tank)	1483 mm(1765 mm)

12.2 Explication of lighting fixtures

Table No. 11

13. Justification of resource requirements

The necessary resources are determined in accordance with the “Calculation standards for drawing up construction organization projects” of the TsNIIOMTP, Gosstroy of the USSR.

The need at a construction site for electricity, fuel, water, compressed air and oxygen in construction projects should be determined by the physical volume of work and calculation formulas.

Water supply is intended to meet the production, domestic and fire-fighting needs of the construction site.

The sequence of calculating water supply for a construction site includes: determining consumers and water consumption, selecting water supply sources.

The main consumers of water at a construction site are construction machines, mechanisms and construction site installations.

The total water consumption Q 1 for production needs is determined as:

• specific water consumption for production needs;
• number of production consumers on the busiest shift;
• coefficient for unaccounted water consumption (equal to 1.2);
• coefficient of hourly unevenness of water consumption (equal to 1.5);
• number of hours per shift (8 hours).

Specific consumption to meet production needs.

Table No. 12

Household needs are related to the provision of water to workers and employees during work (canteens, showers, etc.). Water consumption for household needs is determined by the formula:

• specific water consumption for household and drinking needs;
• number of workers on the busiest shift;
• coefficient of hourly unevenness of water consumption (equal to 1.5-3);

Specific water consumption to satisfy household needs:

Table No. 13

Water consumption for external fire extinguishing is taken based on the three-hour duration of extinguishing one fire and ensuring the calculated water consumption for these purposes at peak water consumption for industrial and household needs (except for water for showering and watering the territory).

When calculating water consumption, it is necessary to take into account that the number of simultaneous fires in the construction area is assumed to be up to 150 hectares - 1 fire. The water consumption to extinguish a building fire will be 2.5 l/s from each jet. The area of ​​the construction site does not exceed 10 hectares, so the water consumption for fire extinguishing is assumed to be 10 l/s.

The total water consumption to meet the needs of the construction site is:

13.1 Water consumption for wheel washing

When leaving the construction site, a wheel washing station is installed.

The basic set of the “CASCADE-MINI” installation includes: a treatment plant, a hydrocyclone, a submersible pump, a high-pressure pump, a washing gun, and a set of hoses.

The recycling water supply installation for washing truck wheels is designed to purify water from large suspended particles of sand, clay, soil and other contaminants of a similar nature, while the purified water is returned for reuse. Thus, a constant volume of water equal to 1.1 cubic meters circulates in the system. meters.

Table No. 14

Specifications		CASCADE-MINI
Pump compartment heating
Voltage
Installed power
Operating pressure
Dimensions L x W x H
Weight (±5%)
Volume of water in container
Number of washing guns
Bandwidth	Cars per hour

14. Technical and economic indicators for PIC Table No. 15

The work schedule is presented on sheet No. 8.

Modern dismantling of walls, partitions and entire structures in a building is a high-tech process that includes two stages:

• Preparatory.
• Basic.

At the preparatory stage, the contractor must receive from the customer a complete package of design documentation and drawings, which must also include a drawn up working estimate, an underground communications plan, a PPR and a signed work order for dismantling work. All engineering and construction personnel involved in dismantling work must be familiarized with the documentation. It is also required to provide safety training during such work.

What is included in the preparatory period for dismantling

• Thorough inspection of premises intended for dismantling;
• Careful study of the technical specifications that formulate the conditions for performing such work;
• Selection and development of technologies for carrying out dismantling work on a specific site;
• Disconnection of all existing utilities in the dismantling area;
• Equipping the work site with special scaffolding, bunkers, construction chutes, waste chutes, scaffolding and other equipment necessary for dismantling. It is also necessary to establish a system for removing construction waste from the site.
• Selection of equipment for temporary fastening of necessary working structures;
• Installation and safe connection of temporary utilities to the work site.

Stages of the main period

• Dismantling of individual structures and elements not connected to each other. Elements that are not connected to each other are removed, sorted and stored in a special way. The destruction and subsequent loosening of monolithic structures made of reinforced concrete or natural stone is also carried out;
• Carrying out sorting of materials and building elements remaining from dismantling, engineering and other communications equipment, subsequent storage and transportation to the place specified by the customer;
• Preparing the site for subsequent installation and construction work.

During dismantling, old unusable structures, utilities and other building elements are removed, the further use of which has become impossible for technical reasons.

During the dismantling work, personnel must create a place for the installation of new structures or utilities and other equipment. Only after complete completion of the dismantling work will it be possible to begin the installation of new elements and new equipment.

Expensive good quality floor coverings, engineering equipment that is in working condition, and other equipment such as stoves, built-in furniture and lighting fixtures are subject to disassembly.

The main stages of dismantling various types of floors

Plank floors

Dismantling plank floors begins with removing the baseboards. After this, remove the boards. You need to start work from the area furthest from the front door. If you intend to reuse floorboards, then you must not disturb the layout of the boards. To preserve it, each board is marked with special symbols. After removing the joists, the inventory wooden flooring installed on the floors is also removed.

Parquet

Parquet floors are also removed. The ridges and tongues of the parquet floor must be very carefully marked to make it easier to reassemble the flooring later.

Dismantling of panel parquet begins from the open fastening point. If the fastening is made using screws, you must first unscrew the fasteners. If the parquet floor consists of independent parquet staves, then disassembly of the covering begins from the middle row. In this case, the base made of boards is disassembled according to the scheme for dismantling plank floors.

Removing linoleum begins with dismantling metal or plastic thresholds. Then the linoleum sheet is torn off the floor and rolled into a roll.

Removing the screed

The old screed is dismantled if it is completely or partially destroyed. Removal also occurs if the old screed is uneven and does not meet modern sound insulation standards. To remove the concrete layer from the flooring, special pneumatic concrete hammers, grinders, hammer drills of various types and other demolition tools are used.

In this case, it is very important not to touch the electrical wiring installed in the building. According to modern construction technologies used in the construction of residential buildings, electrical wiring for the lower floor is laid under the screed of the upper floor. Usually they are hidden in corrugation or HDPE insulation. Before starting dismantling in such places, you need to carefully study the construction documentation and find the location of the electrical wiring.

Window removal

Removing old window blocks should begin with the window sashes. They must be removed along with the vents. Before removing the structure, tear it off the window frame with a nail puller or unscrew the screws. It all depends on the condition of the window structure and the type of fasteners.

Glass and devices installed on them, such as air conditioners, are removed from window frames. For removal, special portable workbenches are used, which are convenient to work on. The removed glass is stored vertically in specially prepared boxes that protect the glass from damage.

After the dismantling of the window frames is completed, workers begin removing the slopes. Before this, the old plaster is knocked off of them. Only after this they begin to remove the window sills.

The leaning window block remaining in the window opening is pressed from the fasteners using a crowbar and tilted into the room, carefully laying it on the floor.

If window openings blocked with brick are being dismantled, then the work begins with dismantling the internal masonry. This is a complex, monotonous process that requires great physical effort from staff. Before disassembling the window unit itself, it is necessary to determine the degree of its suitability for reuse. If the block has become completely unusable, it should be destroyed.

Door dismantling

Disassembling the door frame begins with removing the fittings and glass from the door leaf. After complete removal of all these elements, the door leaf itself is removed from the hinges. Before dismantling it, the door frames are removed from the inside.

After this, the door frame must be secured using boards or special strips. 2 boards are driven into the box at an angle of 45 degrees into the upper corners of the box. The third board is installed in a horizontal position at the bottom of the door frame.

Using a crowbar or a nail puller, after unfastening, the box is separated from the wall and pulled out of the doorway. If necessary, you can remove the trim from the outside of the doorway.

When carrying out dismantling in old houses, as well as when dismantling metal and polymer window structures, it is necessary to follow special recommendations. In this case, special gas-cutting and cutting machines are used. They should be delivered to the work site before dismantling begins.

The last stage of dismantling work is removing debris and dust from the window or doorway. All construction waste is placed in bags and removed from the premises.

Dismantling of internal partitions

In construction technologies, it is customary to distinguish two types of interior partitions: load-bearing and non-load-bearing. Non-load-bearing structures are made of thin concrete slabs, gas silicate or tongue-and-groove elements. Such partitions are disassembled in parts and stored on the floor.

Before you begin dismantling the internal partitions in the room, you need to seal the windows.

Dismantling of load-bearing partitions should be carried out carefully. The condition of the entire building structure will depend on this. Often, to create arches or when expanding a doorway, the load-bearing partition is partially dismantled. In this case, it is necessary to strengthen the load-bearing wall. Complete dismantling of load-bearing partitions is never carried out.

At the beginning of dismantling work on load-bearing partitions, it is necessary to check the general condition of the building and obtain permission to carry out dismantling work from the city architectural committee.

Partial dismantling is carried out using a grinder, which is used to cut out an opening of the required size. All figures must be given in the project document that guides the workers. Between the enlarged opening, metal corners are inserted and welded at the joints. The same is done on the back side of the wall.

After strengthening the load-bearing wall, pieces are crushed in a designated area using a hammer drill or grinder. Work must be carried out from top to bottom. To protect and strengthen the metal corners, after making the opening under the arch, a weld is injected and the corners are painted. To inject the seam, the wall located between the horizontal and vertical ceilings is chipped, and the working solution is poured into the resulting opening.

For the safety and security of the ceilings of the lower floors, boards are laid in the dismantling areas. This will prevent the ceiling joint on the lower floor from being damaged by the weight of falling concrete structures.

Dismantling of partitions is carried out only after the dismantling of utilities has been carried out. Before dismantling the load-bearing partitions, the structure should be inspected again.

Analysis of non-load-bearing partitions made from blocks

If there is a doorway in such a partition, dismantling should begin from the top of the doorway. First, you should open the joint between the ceiling and the wall. Only after this start knocking out blocks. In this case, it is necessary to move along the course of the masonry - horizontally or like a ladder. This will ensure the safety of the worker.

Non-load-bearing reinforced concrete panels are also dismantled from the top. In this case, to cut the reinforcement of reinforced concrete partitions, you need to use a grinder.

Cleaning walls from old wallpaper is done with a special fur roller, which is well wetted with water. With its help, the wallpaper is moistened with water. You need to apply water in several stages so that the old wallpaper is better saturated. Having removed the layer of wallpaper, you can begin to remove the layer of old newspapers in the same way. Ultimately, the walls should be completely bare.

Decorative plaster can also be dismantled by wetting the wall. After this, the old layer of plaster is removed with a spatula.

IT IS FORBIDDEN!

Start dismantling without obtaining permission from regulatory architectural authorities.

Specifics of dismantling work

All work of this type begins only after full approval of all project documentation. Dismantling the floor screed must be carried out very carefully so as not to disturb the electrical cable laid in the floor, which provides ceiling lighting on the lower floors in new buildings. Damage to it will delay construction work and increase its total cost.

When dismantling the sewer system, the openings of the necks of the sewer risers should be closed.

Checking the quality of the dismantling performed

Floor coverings must be completely freed from old screeds.
The door or window opening must be completely cleaned.
All work must be carried out strictly according to the drawn up and confirmed project.
No cracks should form in the ceilings after dismantling.

2.

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5. yah

GOST 12.4.059.89 Inventory safety fences; VSN 48.86 (r) Safety rules when conducting inspections of residential buildings for the design of major repairs; VSN 53.86 Rules for assessing the physical deterioration of residential buildings; VSN 57.88 Regulations on technical inspection of residential buildings; VSN 58.88 Regulations on the organization and conduct of reconstruction, repair and maintenance of buildings; VSN 61.89 Reconstruction and major repairs of residential buildings; GOST R 51929.2002 Housing and communal services; MDS 12.46.2008 Development and execution of a construction organization project; MDS 14/13/2000 Carrying out scheduled preventative repairs of industrial buildings and structures; SNiP 2.07.01.89 Planning and development of urban and rural settlements; SNiP 3.01.04.87 Acceptance and operation of completed construction facilities; SNiP III.10.75 Landscaping; SP 13.102.2003 Rules for inspection of load-bearing building structures of buildings and structures; SP 31.107.2004 Architectural and planning solutions for multi-apartment residential buildings; STO NOSTROY 13/2/33/2011 major repairs of apartment buildings without evicting residents; Technical regulations on the safety of buildings and structures; STO NOSTOY 2.33.53.2011 Demolition of buildings and structures; GOST 12.4.059.89 Inventory safety fences

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1. Features of technology and organization of construction work during the reconstruction of existing enterprises

Reconstruction is carried out without stopping production, with a partial stop of production and with a complete stop of production.

The technology and organization of production during reconstruction has a number of features compared to new construction:
- firstly, during reconstruction the work performed is more small-scale;
- secondly, work is performed that is not inherent in new construction (destruction, dismantling, strengthening of structures, replacement of individual elements, etc.);
- thirdly, during reconstruction work is always carried out in cramped conditions.

The following factors must be taken into account::
- increased fire and explosion hazard;
- it is not always possible to mechanize construction processes;
- during reconstruction one has to take into account continuous production technology;
- it is necessary to take into account the protection of technological equipment and utility networks from damage;
- when delivering construction materials, there are long delays or irrational delivery patterns;
- high building density makes it impossible to rationally store building materials, as well as large-block installation;
- constraint prevents the rational use of mechanization;
- the individuality of the work is manifested for most enterprises, i.e. it is impossible to use standard technological maps and prefabricated structures for the majority of piece and individual monolithic filling.

A distinction is made between external and internal constraint of an object.

External tightness - limited movement of transport, machinery, storage of materials.

Internal tightness - the presence of equipment, the dismantling of which is impossible or impractical.

Therefore, work is divided into on-site and intra-shop.

On-site are divided into the preparatory period (cleaning and vacating the site) and the main ones - the laying of communications and the construction of buildings and structures.

In-shop There are without stopping the main production, with a partial stop and a complete stop.

An intermediate position between on-site and intra-shop work is occupied by work on the superstructure of existing buildings or the addition of new areas to them.

In PPR, special attention must also be paid to the destruction and dismantling of structures. These works are associated with increased danger; the preventive maintenance work is coordinated with all services of the enterprise.

2. Methods of dismantling and installation in cramped conditions

Reconstruction involves the dismantling and installation of structures, demolition work, and relocation of communications. Dismantling of individual structural elements, foundations for equipment. Sometimes dismantling foundations, walls, columns, beams, trusses, floors, suspended ceilings, etc. and their strengthening.

At the same time, a PPR is drawn up and dangerous zones are indicated, methods of disassembly for loading and removal of them. There must also be measures to relieve the load from the element being disassembled. And ensuring the stability and safety of the remaining elements.

Depending on the material of the structures, the volume of disassembly, the tools used, equipment and mechanization, these works can be carried out: manually, mechanized, thermal and electro-hydraulic.

Manual disassembly allowed for small volumes of work and when it is impossible to mechanize.

We need to try to use mechanization and explosive methods as much as possible.

Thermal method is a thermal-oxygen installation for cutting concrete and reinforced concrete.

Dismantling of building structures accounts for up to 30% of the total labor intensity.reconstruction bot.

The comprehensive dismantling process includes the following processes:
- strengthening of structural elements whose condition threatens to collapse when dismantling displaced elements;
- installation of mechanisms for dismantling;
- use of electric pneumatic tools in the workplace;
- determination of the boundaries of dangerous zones;
- disconnection of utilities;
- freeing structures from connections;
- packaging and containerization of dismantled materials;
- removal of all dismantled elements.

Elements of the frame and ground fencing can be dismantled by cranes. Wall panels are dismantled from top to bottom, secured securely.
Having grabbed the structure, do not lift it until it is freed from the fastening.

The dismantling procedure is determined by the PPR. When installation mechanization cannot be used, then PPR is done using the winch method.

For one-story buildings, useself-propelled cranes; for multi-storey buildings - tower cranes. Veryself-propelled cranes are often used,in the form of gantry cranes.

When reconstructing objects that have a significant length and width of the installation area, it is advisable to use mobile cable cranes, which are mounted on the basis of two E-250 cranes and two A-shaped pylons up to 36 m high.

Sometimes the use of helicopters has a significant effect.

For example, MI-10K lifts large objects weighing up to 11 tons. Roof cranes with a lifting capacity of 1-2 tons are used. When selecting mechanization, an economic comparison is made:

Very often during reconstruction, overhead cranes are used. For example, in rolling mills, pipe rolling mills.

3. Work to strengthen building structures

Strengthening the structures of buildings and structures during the reconstruction process can be temporary - for the period of reconstruction and permanent - for the entire settlement period after reconstruction.

Temporary- PPR are provided.

Permanent- are provided for by the main design, which takes into account additional loads on equipment, increased dynamic or vibration effects, operational wear, corrosion, accidental damage, etc.

Strengthening the base by cementing the soil through wellpoints;

Strengthening foundations:

By increasing the cross-section and area of ​​support on the ground through a monolithic jacket. It is necessary that the adhesion of the old concrete to the new is very good.

Reinforcement with drilled injection piles, with the supply of concrete under pressure.

Strengthening columns by installing reinforced concrete or metal frames;

Strengthening reinforced concrete floors;

Beam reinforcement:

Sprengel;

Fittings.

When carrying out work to strengthen structures, careful control over the quality of the materials used and the implementation of all technological operations must be ensured. Particular attention should be paid to achieving good contact between the planes of connection of the reinforced structure and the reinforcement elements.

4. Features of installation and dismantling of structures in winter conditions

Strengthening foundations at subzero temperatures without freezing the base; for this purpose, the soil is under-worked by 15-20 cm, and immediately before strengthening it is finished 2 hours before laying the concrete. The bottom of pits in heaving soils is usually insulated with granulated slag 70 cm thick (gravel and sandy soils do not need to be insulated). It is prohibited to make sand pillows more than 10 cm thick in winter.

It is necessary that the structures being installed are free of snow and ice. The thickness of the seams is prohibited to be greater than specified in the project. It is imperative to observe increasing grades of solution.

Joints of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures that absorb design forces are sealed with mortar or concrete at a grade higher than the concrete of the structure. The joint is preheated to a temperature
+ 10°C, and then the joint is kept taking into account winter conditions.

5. Safety precautions when performing construction work at existing enterprises

When developing PPR, SNiP III-4-80 and the system of occupational safety standards (OSSS) are used.
- in the PPR it is necessary to take into account the harmfulness of production (noise sources, gas emissions, dust emissions, vibration, etc.);
- a decrease in labor productivity by I5-20% is taken into account, the likelihood of injury increases.
- workers undergo a medical examination in the manner established for the given enterprise;
- it is necessary to take into account cramped conditions and additional fatigue, especially when operating machinery;
- a work plan drawn up which is signed by the customer and is obliged to comply with it; if not fulfilled, the work is stopped;
- before the start of work, together with the workshop administration, a permit is drawn up, which indicates the measure of responsibility for safety precautions (daily);
- it is prohibited to change the safety regulations without the approval of those who approve it;
- in winter, installers use non-slip shoes, scaffolds and stepladders are cleaned and sprinkled with sand.

In the process of dismantling buildings, work is carried out on dismantling, disassembling, partial and complete destruction of structures.

Dismantling of a building structure is a mechanized process of removing it in an undestroyed form using lifting, rigging and transport equipment. In the process of dismantling structures, partial destruction of individual fastening and connecting elements is carried out.

Dismantling of a building structure is a process of partially destroying it for the purpose of dividing it into individual elements and then removing them.

Dismantling and dismantling of structures can be carried out element by element or in enlarged blocks.

Dismantling in enlarged blocks has a number of advantages compared to element-by-element disassembly, in particular, the time required to complete the work is reduced, its labor intensity is reduced by 1.5...2 times, and the safety of work and production standards are increased.

In special cases, the entire above-ground part of buildings and structures can be dismantled (administrative one-story buildings, high chimneys, power line supports, etc.). In this case, the dismantled part of the building or structure is freed from connections with the foundations and, as a whole, is moved to another place or transported outside the boundaries of the construction site being developed using special vehicles.

Dismantling of building structures is usually carried out during the process of their replacement. At the same time, work on the dismantling of replaced structures and the installation of new ones is carried out in most cases using the same installation machines, which allows us to consider the mechanization of dismantling and installation work as a single complex process.

Piece-by-element dismantling of building structures is carried out manually or using hand-held machines in order to maximize the yield of materials for their reuse. As a rule, finishing decorative, wooden and small metal structures are dismantled manually. Dismantling of brick and rubble concrete structures is carried out manually only for a small amount of work and in cases where other methods cannot be used for some reason.

The disassembly method using manual machines is quite labor-intensive and expensive. Due to the generation of noise, dust and vibration, this method should be used if it is impossible to use more productive methods of disassembly (dismantling).

Methods of destruction of building structures and monolithic masses are distinguished depending on the means used: semi-mechanized (using pneumatic and electric hand-held machines); mechanized (using machines and mechanisms of impact and splitting action, tractors, bulldozers, jib cranes and excavators in combination with various mounted replaceable equipment in the form of ball and wedge hammers, pneumatic and hydraulic hammers, etc., concrete breakers and rock breakers, hydraulic wedge and cylindrical splitters); explosive (drilling and hydraulic explosive - using drilling rigs, hammer drills, explosives and blasting means); electrohydraulic (using electrohydraulic effect units); using mixtures that expand during hardening (Table 16.1).

To separate structures during their disassembly and to create openings and holes in various structures, the following methods are used: mechanical drilling, drilling and cutting using hand-held drilling machines and machines with carbide and diamond annular drills, drilling rigs and hammer drills, machines and machines with diamond cutting tools discs, hydraulic attachments and installations for cutting off pile heads, electric furrow-finishers; gas-oxygen and thermal cutting (oxygen lance, gas-jet powder-oxygen lance, powder-oxygen cutter, jet torch, thermal drill); electric arc, plasma and laser cutting (electric arc melting installations, plasma and laser cutting), water jet cutting (hydrojet installations).

The semi-mechanized method is used to destroy monolithic concrete, reinforced concrete and brick vaulted ceilings, as well as other monolithic concrete structures of small volume. Due to the difficulty and high cost of work, its use is limited.

The mechanized method is used: to destroy vaulted brick, concrete and reinforced concrete floors (using wedge hammers on an excavator, crane); brick walls and partitions (using ball-hammers); concrete foundations (concrete breakers, impact rippers, hydraulic and pneumatic hammers from hydraulic excavators); concrete and brick structures (hydraulic and pneumatic hammers, hydraulic splitters).

When reconstructing industrial buildings, the explosive method is used to destroy stone, reinforced concrete and metal structures, collapse elements of old buildings and structures onto their base or in a given direction. When carrying out blasting operations.

measures should be taken to protect against the effects of an air shock wave, the scattering of pieces of exploded material and the effects of gases, which significantly increases the labor intensity and time of work.

Table 16.1. Methods of destruction of structures of buildings and structures using various machines and mechanisms

When choosing methods for dismantling and destroying building structures, the yield of recyclable materials is taken into account. The choice of one or another method of disassembly and destruction should be justified in each specific case by technical and economic calculations. In Fig. Figure 16.1 presents a sequence diagram for the development of organizational solutions for dismantling buildings, taking into account the reuse of structures and materials.

Rice. 16.1. Scheme of organization of structural destruction processes:

Stage I- Preparation; Stage II- destruction; Stage III- removal of debris; Stage IV- usage

Before starting dismantling work, it is necessary to mark the places where the structures will be separated in accordance with the element-by-element scheme for their removal, install temporary fastenings of the structures, and also arrange temporary fences, decking and protective canopies.

Initially, technological and special equipment, instrumentation and control systems, electrical and low-current networks are dismantled.

Dismantling is usually carried out from top to bottom in the following order: 1) technological structures (pipelines, utilities, masts, supports, shelves for equipment, lifts); 2) horizontal enclosing structures (floors, roofing), vertical (gates, doors, windows, stained glass windows and load-bearing external and internal walls); 3) special structures (stairs, observation platforms, ramps, shafts, galleries, rail tracks); 4) horizontal load-bearing structures (lanterns, roofing and floor slabs, trusses, beams, crossbars, crane beams); vertical (walls, columns, stools); 5) tunnels, basements, foundations.

Single-story buildings are dismantled in a sequential manner, including element-by-element dismantling of structures throughout the building; complex, in which the building is dismantled section by section, as well as combined. Multi-storey buildings should be dismantled floor by floor in individual sections or along the entire length of the building.

Dismantling the electrical network should begin by removing lampshades, sockets, switches, sockets, panels, etc., then proceed to dismantling the wiring. The removed wires should be smoothed and wound into coils.

When disassembling, utility networks and equipment should be dissected using electric or gas cutting. Unusable cast iron pipelines are disassembled without caulking the socket; their joints can be broken with a hammer. All removed elements of engineering equipment (sinks, washbasins, bathtubs, toilets, flush cisterns, heating devices for central heating systems, water taps, etc.) must be sorted and selected for further use.

The roof is usually dismantled in two stages: first - the roof covering, and then - the main load-bearing elements of the roof. The roll roof structure containing insulation is removed simultaneously with the insulation; work should be carried out in the transverse direction, starting from the highest level of the roof. As a tool, you can use light crowbars, bayonet or shovel shovels. The material to be disassembled should be lowered using cranes into buckets or special boxes or through closed chutes. It is recommended to tear off a roof covering made of rolled materials without insulation from the solid base with a steel spatula, and cut off the section along the slope with scissors.

Roofs made from small piece materials are dismantled element by element in the reverse order of their construction. With careful disassembly, you can save up to 80...85% of the material.

When reconstructing multi-story buildings, it is often necessary to dismantle the interfloor floors, which are usually made of monolithic reinforced concrete (flat or ribbed), made of brick in the form of vaults, or built on metal beams with wood or concrete filling. Steel floors are less common.

The initial data for the development of PPR (work projects) are the results of the survey and measurements (in the absence of drawings of building structures).

It is most advisable to disassemble the ceiling on metal beams with brick filling in the form of vaults across the blocks, in sections up to 2 m wide and length according to the size of the ceiling (Fig. 16.2).

If for some reason it is impossible to disassemble the floor crosswise, it is dismantled along the area bounded by two adjacent beams, but before disassembly begins, special spacers should be installed between the beams. Spacers can be made of logs with a diameter of 16...18 cm; they are installed every 2...3 m along the length of the beams.

Work on dismantling vaulted brick ceilings
should only be carried out from working floors made of boards on stitched strips laid on the floor beams. The floorings have a width of 60...80 cm.

Cylindrical brick vaults are dismantled in separate sections 0.8...1 m wide from the end walls from the middle of the arc to the supports on both sides simultaneously. The last middle section is collapsed by undercutting the base of the supports.

Rice. 16.2. Scheme for dismantling vaults between steel beams:

I…VI- sequence of dismantling the vaults; A - arrangement of wooden spacers between steel beams; b - dismantling of vaults in transverse sections, 1 - wooden spacer; 2 - brick vault; 3 - transverse disassembly section; 4 - steel beam; 5 - vault on the beam

Closed, cross, domed and sail vaults are disassembled into ring zones 250 mm wide from the center (castle) to the heels (Fig. 16.3).

If there are through cracks and individual bricks fall out, the vaults, depending on the nature of the cracks and the degree of development of deformations, are collapsed, expanding the cracks, or they are dismantled in parts. To dismantle brick vaults and monolithic reinforced concrete floors, pneumatic and electric jackhammers should be used.

Brick walls of old buildings, built with lime mortar, are usually easily disassembled along the planes of individual bricks. Therefore, the bulk of the bricks can be reused. However, when dismantling such brickwork, a significant amount of dust is generated.

Dismantling brickwork using cement-lime mortars requires significantly more effort. In this case, the brick and mortar break into large chunks and it is almost impossible to separate the brick from the mortar. In these cases, manual machines should be used during disassembly.

Rice. 16.3. Scheme of disassembly of cylindrical (i), closed (b) and cross (e) vaults:

I...VII- sequence of disassembly by sections - 1 - supporting wall - 2 - vault heel;

3 - start of disassembly; 4 - end wall

Brick walls are usually dismantled from scaffolding. Inventory tubular scaffolding is often used, which is attached to a dismantled wall in accordance with a standard project for the use of these scaffolds. To do this, for example, anchors are screwed into wooden plugs, hammered into sockets previously punched with a bolt, or inventory plug anchors are used. The installation procedure and the sequence of their disassembly must be set out in the PPR.

Brick walls in the cramped conditions of an operating workshop are usually dismantled into rows manually using crowbars, light sledgehammers, wedges and picks, or in a semi-mechanized manner using jackhammers. All other methods are in most cases unacceptable. Depending on the strength of the masonry, the thickness of the wall and the tool used, dismantling is carried out to a height of two or three rows.

All work on the destruction of old walls on each floor must begin after the complete dismantling of the floor structures under this floor and the implementation of measures to ensure the safety of those working in the building.

One of the methods that makes it possible to dismantle large areas of internal and external walls was applied at one of the reconstructed facilities in Moscow. The method eliminates the common piece-by-piece dismantling of a building due to the collapse of sections of walls onto the floor of the underlying floor. Calculation of floors under the load from falling sections of walls makes it possible to determine the size of the floor that can withstand the fall of elements weighing up to 4 tons onto it.

Rice. 16.4. Wall dismantling diagram:

A- division of walls into blocks; b- dismantling the walls using the “rolling onto the shield” method; 1 - shield; 2 - winch; 3 - cable

According to these calculations, in order to uniformly distribute the load on the floor (Fig. 16.4) from a falling brick block, a shield is made with a frame made of rolled profiles with a receiving hopper installed on it using clamps. From the bunker, structural debris is reloaded by tower crane into vehicles. The building breaks down into occupations. At the first grip, the lintel part of the wall is cut off from the pier. On the second, after dismantling the lintels, the walls are divided into blocks. At the third stage, the block is cut at the floor level and collapses.

Before the block is tipped over, a receiving shield is placed on a carefully cleaned area of ​​the floor where it falls. Then a specially made clamp with a cable from a winch installed on the ceiling with a traction force of 45 tons is attached to the block. When the winch is turned on, the block falls into the receiving hopper of the shield and is fed into the vehicle by a tower crane.

Installation of structures

Installation and dismantling of building structures of reconstructed industrial, civil and residential buildings is carried out using various methods. The choice of method and method of its implementation is determined mainly by the volume of work, the degree of crampedness of the construction site, the conditions for combining installation with other types of construction and installation work, the completeness of delivery of structures, the range of available installation cranes, design solutions of buildings, the technical condition of dismantled structures and joint connections of buildings. , established terms of reconstruction.

The conditions of the construction site of the reconstructed facility should facilitate the most efficient use of installation kits and limit the influence of tightness parameters on the operational performance of leading machines. For this purpose, during the pre-installation period, in accordance with the reconstruction project, the demolition and relocation of all external objects and networks must be completely completed.

The level of organization and pace of dismantling work in many cases determine the technology and pace of installation of building structures.

The main material for the manufacture of prefabricated structures intended for the reconstruction of residential, public and industrial buildings is; reinforced concrete.

TO Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures used in the reconstruction of buildings and structures are subject to a number of specific requirements:

the need to connect new structural elements with old ones, which ensures their joint operation, restoration of broken spatial connections, strength, rigidity and stability of both individual structures and the building as a whole at all stages of reconstruction;

the impossibility of installing extended supports in existing walls for installing new structures due to the risk of collapse;

limiting the weight and geometric dimensions of prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and assembly blocks after enlarged assembly from the conditions of fit of installation machines of the appropriate load capacity and optimal maneuverability of structures during their installation.

An increase in the load-carrying capacity of machines with limited working areas and, consequently, the size of machines, an increase in the level of mobility, versatility and cross-country ability make it possible to use more industrial structures for the reconstruction of residential buildings and install them in enlarged blocks.

When reconstructing public buildings, the installation of building structures can be complicated not only by the cramped construction site, the internal layout of the facility, but also by the large size of building structures, the relatively high elevation of their design position, and a significant mass of structural elements.

Depending on the degree of wear of building structures, the sequence of their dismantling, the volume and order of their reinforcement, the number of replaced interfloor ceilings and the installation machines used during the reconstruction of multi-storey buildings, the installation of structures is carried out horizontally (floor-by-floor) or vertically (to the entire height of a certain span).

It is advisable to carry out floor-by-floor installation with a slight change in interfloor ceilings, a relatively small amount of work to strengthen columns and crossbars using “window” cranes and suspended monorail or rope systems used during installation.

Installation of structures horizontally corresponds to an integrated method of organizing installation work, and vertically - to a differentiated one.

When installing structures horizontally, a technological break is provided, which is required for the concrete in joints, prefabricated monolithic structures, and reinforcement elements to acquire sufficient strength to allow installation work to begin on the next floor.

For vertical installation, preference should be given to welded connections using embedded parts. To temporarily secure frame elements or reinforcement, special conductors, clamps, etc. are used.

If the reconstruction project provides for significant volumes of work to strengthen existing columns and crossbars on all floors of the building using monolithic concreting, then the installation of structures begins after completion of this work and the concrete in the lower reinforced structures has acquired sufficient strength.

In the process of strengthening existing structures and installing new ones, portable installation platforms, inventory scaffolding are used, and for welding embedded parts, hanging metal ladders are used.

When carrying out installation and dismantling work at reconstructed industrial facilities, all installation methods known in new construction are used. At the same time, the individuality of space-planning solutions for reconstructed buildings, the diversity of external and internal constraints, the need to combine work with the main activity of the enterprise and with related construction and installation work, the technological structure of work that differs from new construction and other factors impose a number of restrictions on the possibility of using those or other methods.

To replace columns inside existing industrial buildings, the method of dismantling columns by rotating around a hinge using winches is often used (Fig. 16.5). With this method, the coating structures are first supported on temporarily arranged supports. After this, oxy-fuel cutting is used to disconnect the supporting units of the trusses from the embedded parts of the removed column.

Rice. 16.5. Dismantling of reinforced concrete columns:

A - method of rotation around the hinge; b - winches; 1 - dismantled column; 2 - temporary support; 3 - chain hoist; 4 - support table - 5 - rotary hinge; 6 - safety rope; 7 - crane beam; 8 - pull cable: 9 - scale cells; 10 - crossbar for fastening the cargo pulley; 11-branch blocks

The rotary hinge is secured to the dismantled column, which ensures its stability after the destruction of a section of the column near the foundation. Then two movable pulley blocks are fixed to the column, one on the upper part, the other below the center of gravity of the column. After cutting down the concrete head (at least 600 mm) and the bottom of the column between the rotary joint cages (at least 400 mm) and cutting the load-bearing reinforcement, the column is lowered by turning on the pulley attached to the upper part. Another pulley comes into operation only after the column is tilted 30° to the horizon.

Reinforced concrete columns are dismantled with winches in the case when work inside existing workshops is carried out without dismantling the covering structures, and the main frame structures make it possible to secure the rigging used and absorb additional loads that arise when dismantling the column and crane beams.

It is advisable to install intra-shop partitions in cramped conditions using a crane with telescopic tower-boom equipment. This method is used in workshops with a bottom height of trusses up to 15.6 m in places accessible to a crane.

In places inaccessible to the approach and placement of jib cranes, it is recommended to dismantle and install crane beams using electric winches and pulleys.

Small-size beams are replaced by heavy crane beams of larger span while increasing the existing column spacing. This replacement is carried out using self-propelled jib cranes and most often winches and pulleys, the fixed blocks of which are fixed to the supporting structures of the frame.

Crane rails can be replaced with self-propelled jib cranes if their placement inside the existing workshop does not cause great difficulties. If it is impossible to pass and place jib self-propelled cranes, electric winches are used to replace the rails (if the supporting structures are capable of supporting additional installation loads).

In Fig. Figure 16.6 shows an example of replacing crane beams through windows constructed by dismantling External wall panels.

Lantern structures of one-story industrial buildings are dismantled using various means of mechanization, including the use of cable, roof jib or gantry cranes.

It is recommended to disassemble the lanterns using a cable crane if the length of the workshop is up to 400 m and the weight of the mounted elements is up to 1.5 tons.

The lantern structures can be dismantled when replacing them using roof-mounted jib cranes. This achieves a reduction in work time. During paired operation of the cranes, the first one performs dismantling and the second one performs installation work.

Rice. 16.6. Replacement of crane beams in an existing building through window openings

Depending on the specific conditions and nature of the work performed to replace the coating, various types of lifting and transport installation mechanisms are used: cable cranes (stationary and mobile), bridge-type installers or bridge cranes (for dismantling and installation in large blocks), roof cranes (gantry and jib ), bridge jib, self-propelled jib and tower cranes. The last three types can work on extreme spans, and the remaining mechanisms can work on extreme and middle spans. In some cases, a helicopter can be used.

The coverings of one-story buildings can be dismantled when production is stopped using self-propelled jib cranes moving along the axis of the span, or special cranes mounted on overhead cranes.

When dismantling and replacing the coating without stopping production, the work is carried out section by section in separate areas. In this case, disassembly should be combined with the installation of new structures.

It is advisable to completely replace the coating of reconstructed workshops in large spatial blocks if the workshop is very crowded inside. For this purpose, bridge-type installers or technological overhead cranes are used. At one of the ends of the reconstructed span there must be a free area sufficient for the installation of a self-propelled jib or tower crane, as well as for storage and enlarged assembly of structures.

The USSR has accumulated extensive experience in the use of helicopters in the reconstruction of buildings and structures. Thus, when choosing possible methods for installing and dismantling cupola spark arrester structures at the Kharkov Tractor Plant, preference was given to installation using the MI-10K helicopter. During the reconstruction process, the spark arresters were dismantled in blocks, the mass of which corresponded to the lifting capacity of the helicopter. Considering that each spark arrester was divided into two blocks, 16 lifts were performed during the dismantling and installation work (Fig. 16.7).

When reconstructing multi-storey buildings, when structures weighing up to 3 tons are used, depending on the width, installation can be carried out by a tower crane moving on one side of the building, on both sides or along the central axis.

Rice. 16.7, Replacing cupola spark arresters using the MI-10K helicopter

When installing heavy structures and the site is slightly cramped, it is possible to use two tower cranes.

If the height of the frames is small, installation work is carried out by truck-mounted, pneumatic-wheeled and crawler cranes.

When reconstructing buildings of great height, when a significant number of small elements are used, installation can be carried out with a crane mast, which is moved upward as the underlying structures are strengthened and installed.

In the practice of reconstructing multi-storey buildings, self-climbing tower cranes are often used for the installation of building structures.

In the absence of overhead cranes or the impossibility of using them, the covering elements are mounted using a mechanism consisting of the crane part of a truck crane installed on a running platform moving along riding beams laid on the upper chords of the trusses and shifted during the work.

This scheme is used when using crane units with a lifting capacity of 7.5...16 tons.

The simplest lifting devices are used for single lifts, as well as in very cramped conditions, when the use of assembly cranes is not economically feasible or technically impossible. These include assembly masts, portable assembly booms, mast cranes, winches, jacks, assembly beams, overhead crane beams, monorail installations. Using the simplest mechanisms, individual columns are replaced inside the workshop with preliminary hanging of the adjacent load-bearing structures of the coating, i.e., re-supporting the trusses on temporary racks; replacement of wall panels, crane beams and crane tracks in places inaccessible for access and placement of installation cranes; strengthening the structures of the existing workshop.

In conditions of reconstruction of industrial enterprises, overhead cranes can be used with high efficiency during a complete or partial shutdown of production. Their scope of application will expand if they are equipped with lifting equipment and equipment for tower jib cranes - a full-rotating boom, a tower and cages with radial brackets on which the running trolleys are installed (Fig. 16.8, A). The use of such bridge jib cranes allows us to solve all issues related to both dismantling and installation of all structural elements of a building. Replaceable equipment is installed on the overhead crane in the extreme end cell of the span, where the coating is first dismantled with a self-propelled jib crane installed outside the workshop.

Along the span, the bridge jib crane, when moving away from you, dismantles the old covering structures, crane beams and columns, and when the crane moves towards you, all new structures of the building frame are installed. The use of such cranes provides a significant increase in labor productivity.

Mechanical assembly shops of machine-building enterprises are characterized by the presence of clearly defined transport zones. However, their width is not sufficient for installation and movement of self-propelled jib cranes in the span. Under these conditions, a converted tower crane can be used, moving along one thread of a rail track laid in the transport zone. Its stability is ensured by a rigid connection with the overhead crane (Fig. 16.8, b).

In existing workshops, overhead cranes can also be used to mechanize work when replacing and straightening crane beams and rails. To do this, they need to be equipped with a rotating boom attached to the main beam or installed on the crane’s cargo trolley (Fig. 16.8, c).

Improving assembly cranes for reconstruction conditions in combination with improving small-scale mechanization means reduces the cost of manual labor, comprehensively solves the problem of mechanization of work and contributes to a significant increase in labor productivity.

The variety of space-planning and design solutions, a wide range of works determine the variety of organizational and technological solutions in reconstruction conditions. Therefore, one of the main tasks in the field of further increasing the efficiency of work during reconstruction is the development of standardized technological schemes for the production of work and the creation on their basis of a set of unified installation tools and devices.

Rice. 16.8. Options for using overhead cranes for installation and dismantling work:

1 - full-rotating boom; 2-tower; 3 - clip: 4 - brackets with running trolleys; 5 - winch; 6 - electric bridge crane; 7 - self-propelled bridge; 8 - converted tower crane; 9 - mounting boom

16.5. Concrete work during reconstruction

To organize concrete work in reconstruction conditions, when developing PPR, in addition to the initial data used for new construction, it is necessary to take into account: information about the sources of concrete mixture, formwork and reinforcement blanks, data about the modes of work in existing workshops, indicating the time of production shutdown and the number of shifts work per day, information on the use of enterprise resources (external and internal transport, electricity, water, compressed air) and indications of possible connection points, as well as other information reflecting the characteristics of local conditions.

The PPR must contain instructions on linking the production of concrete work (installation of formwork and reinforcement, transportation and compaction of the concrete mixture) with the functioning of the existing enterprise.

The volume of work is especially large when reconstructing foundations for new technological equipment, which most often requires reconstruction (reconstruction, strengthening, replacement) or the construction of new foundations in the cramped conditions of existing production. These foundations, as a rule, are complex both in design and in plan outline, especially for the equipment of rolling and open-hearth shops, blooming plants, turbine units, forging and pressing equipment, and ball mills of mining and processing plants. The volumes of monolithic concrete and reinforced concrete in foundations and their nomenclature differ significantly depending on the industry.

The choice of method for carrying out concrete work depends on production conditions, tightness of the construction site, depth and design of existing foundations, soil conditions, room height, span width, column spacing, and accessibility of concreting sites.

The most labor-intensive and expensive are formwork works, the production of which requires 40% of the total labor costs and more than 17% of the cost of the work.

The use of permanent formwork in the construction of monolithic structures in existing workshops makes it possible to reduce the volume and scope of work, reconstruction time, reduce labor and machine intensity, and also makes it possible to combine processes as much as possible. In this case, instead of conventional formwork, factory-made shell slabs (reinforced concrete or reinforced cement) are used. They are installed instead of the protective layer of concrete provided for by the project, and left in the body of the structure after concreting. When using permanent formwork from reinforced cement or reinforced concrete slabs, a certain saving in materials is achieved, since there is no need to make special formwork forms, the labor intensity of the work is reduced, since there is no need to strip the structures.

The concrete mixture is supplied into the foundation formwork mainly by concrete pumps and pneumatic blowers, concrete pavers, dump trucks from concrete overpasses and mobile bridges, and belt conveyors.

The advantage of concrete pumps and pneumatic blowers is their high performance, which makes it possible to perform large volumes of work and ensure the supply of concrete mixture to any point of the foundation, regardless of its complexity and configuration. The effectiveness of this factor is especially noticeable when combining work and performing it in cramped conditions. At the same time, the labor intensity and cost of laying the concrete mixture are reduced by 25...30% compared to supplying it with cranes.

As practice shows, in reconstruction conditions, the method of supplying concrete mixture to the laying site using conveyor belts and conveyors is more effective than others. It allows you to ensure greater productivity with less labor intensity compared, for example, with supplying the mixture with cranes, and create any route for the transport route, which is important when organizing work in the cramped conditions of existing production. For concreting free-standing foundations and columns during intra-shop reconstruction, it is also convenient to use a forklift equipped with a vibrating hopper.

Monolithic reinforced concrete structures are widely used in the reconstruction of residential and public buildings, which, in terms of labor intensity, successfully compete with prefabricated floor solutions. The following types of structures are used: flat floor slabs supported along the contour or on two sides (in buildings with a span of up to 6 m); ribbed (ribs up) and hollow-core floors (for buildings with a span of over 6 m); ribbed over existing metal

Dismantling concrete is a very labor-intensive and energy-consuming process. Depending on the overall dimensions and design of the concrete element, there are various ways to achieve this goal. But all methods used to dismantle concrete are based on diamond drilling technology. Dismantling concrete using new technologies allows us to optimize this process as much as possible, carry it out with high productivity and avoid unnecessary noise and vibrations that interfere with work.

What are hydraulic wedges?

The most effective means for dismantling large concrete structures are hydraulic wedges. The destruction of rocks using a wedge has been used since ancient times. Previously, wooden elements driven into holes were used as a power link. Today, progress has taken significant steps forward, and the work is carried out using a hydraulic system.

Hydraulic wedges allow you to destroy even reinforced or brick blocks with high accuracy rates and the absence of the risk of premature and uncontrolled destruction. Such advantages make this tool indispensable in large construction and dismantling works, when working with the foundations of old buildings or dismantling concrete slabs of any size.

Hydraulic wedges provide independent choice of direction of destruction and continuously monitor the entire process. The absence of noise allows work to be carried out even in used premises, without attracting attention or causing dissatisfaction from the residents of the house. Unlike other tools that use impact principles in their design, diamond drilling makes the dismantling process economical and cost-effective.